Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P50583 (asymmetrical)
 12,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nine previously unreported rectal injuries caused by barium-enema examinations have been reviewed. In each case, the injury occurred in conjunction with inflation of a rectal balloon. Analysis of the clinical material suggested that certain mechanical properties of balloon catheter tips might transfer mechanical stress to the rectal wall and contribute to the observed injuries. Careful manometric evaluation of in vivo rectal balloons suggest that significant anatomic differences in patients may be clinically important. Further experimental bench studies revealed undesirable mechanical properties in many commercially available rectal balloon catheters. These mechanical problems include low compliance, asymmetrical inflation, strong lateral and anterior displacement of a firm catheter tip into the restraining wall, and self-obstruction of the balloon deflation outlet by the inflated baloon. Many of these problems were clinically confirmed by careful in vivo observations and by evidence collected from the nine cases of rectal injury. A series of practical prophylactic procedures are recommended.
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PMID:Rectal balloons: complications, causes, and recommendations. 47 96

Ion channels permeable to barium and calcium were reconstituted from the Aplysia nervous system into phospholipid bilayers formed on the tips of patch electrodes. With asymmetrical concentrations of barium or calcium on the two sides of the bilayer, the single-channel currents reversed at the calculated barium or calcium reversal potentials, indicating that the channels were cation selective. Channels with conductances of 10, 25 and 36 pS were routinely observed. Calcium and barium were equally effective as charge carriers for the 36-pS channel, whereas magnesium was at least fifteen-fold less effective. The gating of all three channels was independent of the voltage across the bilayer, but was affected by the dihydropyridine calcium channel agonist Bay K 8644 (Bay K). In the presence of Bay K but not in its absence, long discrete gating events were routinely observed, suggesting that the dihydropyridine increased the probability of long open states as it does for calcium channels in other systems. Bilayers invariably contained more than a single channel (or conductance state). This was observed even when the Aplysia nervous system membranes were prepared in the presence of cytoskeleton disrupting agents, or when the membrane proteins were diluted extensively with exogenous phospholipid. Furthermore, transitions between conductance levels were observed with high frequency. These findings, together with the fact that all of the conductance states share certain properties including voltage-independence and sensitivity to Bay K, suggest that the apparent multiple channel types may in fact represent subconductance states of a single ion channel.
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PMID:Calcium and barium permeable channels from Aplysia nervous system reconstituted in lipid bilayers. 244 94

The barium enemas of 23 cases of end-to-end anastomosis following resection of a colonic carcinoma demonstrated that the normal anastomosis should be smooth, symmetrical, and have a regular mucosal pattern. In contrast the three patients reported with proven recurrent carcinoma at the anastomosis showed irregular asymmetrical filling defects1. As a base line the anastomosis should be investigated with a limited double-contrast enema examination six weeks after operation. Earlier examinations may show irregularity due to incomplete healing.
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PMID:Radiological diagnosis of recurrent colonic carcinoma at the anastomosis. 547 10

High dose therapeutic irradiation for carcinoma of the cervix, usually delivered using a combination of external and intracavitary sources, may damage the rectum, sigmoid, distal small bowel, vagina, and urinary bladder. A pretreatment barium enema is valuable for baseline comparison should symptoms developing after treatment necessitate radiographic evaluation of the colon and rectum. Included in this review are a summary of radiation therapy techniques for carcinoma of the cervix, the radiation tolerance of normal pelvic structures, and the histopathology of changes in the bowel following irradiation. The spectrum of radiographic manifestations of radiation effect on the rectum and sigmoid is presented and contrasted with changes secondary to recurrent or persistent tumor. Gradations of symmetrical volume loss characterize radiation change, whereas mass effect, asymmetrical narrowing of the colon lumen, or fixation are more typical of tumor recurrence.
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PMID:Radiography of the distal colon and rectum after irradiation of carcinoma of the cervix. 678 63

The authors had examined by double contrast barium enema in 115 cases of Crohn's ileo-colitis. They described the radiological double contrast features. The "early lesions" are always surrounded by a healthy-looking mucosa. The advanced lesions are segmentary: shallow limited ulcers, shallow confluent ulcers, cobblestone pattern and nodular pattern. Several types of lesions may appear in the same patient. The distribution of the lesions is asymmetrical with skip areas and gradual size of the lesions. The parietal lesions are well demonstrated by double contrast, especially the sacculations. Our radiological findings are confirmed by endoscopical features and excised specimens in 100 cases. A double contrast barium enema is necessary to well described the lesions especially the "early lesions" which are important for differential diagnostic, with ulcerative colitis, for surgical treatment in evaluating the extend of the disease and possibly even for prognosis in this disease.
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PMID:[Radiological double contrast examination in Crohn's colitis. A report about 115 cases (author's transl)]. 728 37

The radiological features of Crohn's disease of the small intestine are described in a report on 100 patients examined by a barium infusion method. The examination is performed by introducing a large volume of barium suspension through a tube directly into the small intestine. A multiplicity of radiological signs were seen in the majority of the examinations. Discrete and fissure ulcers were present in many cases; longitudinal ulcers, sinuses and fistulae were seen less frequently. Other signs commonly seen were strictures, in many cases with proximal dilatation, thickening and distortion of the mucosal folds, cobblestoning, asymmetrical involvement, thickening of the wall of diseased intestine and good demarcation of normal from abnormal small intestine. Adhesions, skip lesions, gross distortion, a featureless outline of the diseased intestine and pseudo polyps were less commonly seen. The disease was more extensive in patients who previously had resections for small intestinal Crohn's disease.
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PMID:Crohn's disease of the small intestine: a review of the radiological appearances in 100 consecutive patients examined by a barium infusion technique. 747 38

The imaging appearances of a case of systemic lupus erythematosus, which manifested initially as a serositis, is described. Barium small bowel study showed segments of spiculation with tethering, angulation, and obstruction. On computed tomography there was ascites and segments of asymmetrical thickening of small bowel wall were observed. Laparotomy revealed extensive patchy serosal and peritoneal plaques but biopsy of these lesions did not lead to a definitive diagnosis. The diagnosis was made on the basis of marked elevation of antinuclear and anti-double stranded DNA antibodies.
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PMID:Systemic lupus erythematosus serositis. 748 71

The veins in the Drosophila wing have a characteristic width, which is regulated by the activity of the Notch pathway. The expression of the Notch-ligand Delta is restricted to the developing veins, and coincides with places where Notch transcription is lower. We find that this asymmetrical distribution of ligand and receptor leads to activation of Notch on both sides of each vein within a territory of Delta-expressing cells, and to the establishment of boundary cells that separate the vein from adjacent interveins. In these cells, the expression of the Enhancer of split gene m beta is activated and the transcription of the vein-promoting gene veinlet is repressed, thus restricting vein differentiation. We propose that the establishment of vein thickness utilises a combination of mechanisms that include: (1) independent regulation of Notch and Delta expression in intervein and vein territories, (2) Notch activation by Delta in cells where Notch and Delta expression overlaps, (3) positive feedback on Notch transcription in cells where Notch has been activated and (4) repression of veinlet transcription by E(spl)m beta and maintenance of Delta expression by veinlet/torpedo activity.
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PMID:Notch signalling regulates veinlet expression and establishes boundaries between veins and interveins in the Drosophila wing. 916 39

The Drosophila eye, a paradigm for epithelial organization, is highly polarized with mirror-image symmetry about the equator. The R3 and R4 photoreceptors in each ommatidium are vital in this polarity; they adopt asymmetrical positions in adult ommatidia and are the site of action for several essential genes. Two such genes are frizzled (fz) and dishevelled (dsh), the products of which are components of a signalling pathway required in R3, and which are thought to be activated by a diffusible signal. Here we show that the transmembrane receptor Notch is required downstream of dsh in R3/R4 for them to adopt distinct fates. By using an enhancer for the Notch target gene Enhancer of split mdelta, we show that Notch becomes activated specifically in R4. We propose that Fz/Dsh promotes activity of the Notch ligand Delta and inhibits Notch receptor activity in R3, creating a difference in Notch signalling capacity between R3 and R4. Subsequent feedback in the Notch pathway ensures that this difference becomes amplified. This interplay between Fz/Dsh and Notch indicates that polarity is established through local comparisons between two cells and explains how a signal from one position (for example, the equator in the eye) could be interpreted by all ommatidia in the field.
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PMID:Frizzled regulation of Notch signalling polarizes cell fate in the Drosophila eye. 1002 69

With recent technical advances, increasing use of sonography in the initial evaluation of patients with abdominal disease may allow the detection of unexpected tumor within the abdominal cavity. Easiness of sonographic detection of bowel pathology, purposely or unexpectedly, warrants the inclusion of bowel loops during ultrasound examination when a patient complains of symptoms indicating diseases of the bowel. In patients complaining of acute abdominal symptoms or nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms and showing signs such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, change of bowel habit, or bowel obstruction, sonography may reveal the primary causes and may play a definitive role in making a diagnosis. On ultrasonography, abnormal lesions may appear as fungating mass with eccentrically located bowel lumen (pseudokidney sign) or symmetrical or asymmetrical, encircling thickening of the colonic wall (target sign). In patients with mass or wall thickening detected on ultrasonography, additional work-up such as barium study, CT or endoscopy would be occasionally necessary for making a specific diagnosis.
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PMID:Ultrasound examination of gastrointestinal tract diseases. 1098 83


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