Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P50583 (asymmetrical)
 12,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Previous studies have shown that the striatum expresses very low levels of Na+/Cl(-)-dependent "orphan" transporter Rxt1 transcripts but contains high levels of protein. This study investigated the origin of Rxt1 expression in rat striatum. Striatal Rxt1 contents assessed by immunocytochemistry or western blotting were found to be significantly reduced after corticostriatal denervation but not after striatal or thalamic lesion with kainic acid or selective 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal deafferentation. Corticostriatal neurons retrogradely labeled by intrastriatal fluorogold injections were shown to express Rxt1 mRNA. Combination of anterograde biotin-dextran amine labeling of the corticostriatal pathway with Rxt1 immunogold detection at the ultrastructural level demonstrated the presence of Rxt1 in about one-third of the corticostriatal synaptic terminals and in numerous unidentified synaptic terminals. All the Rxt1-positive terminals formed asymmetrical contacts on spines. These data provide evidence that striatal Rxt1 immunoreactivity is mainly of extrinsic origin and more specifically associated with the corticostriatal pathway. Rxt1 appears as a selective presynaptic marker of synapses formed by presumably excitatory amino acid afferents, but it segregates a subclass of these synapses, thereby revealing a functional heterogeneity among excitatory amino acid systems.
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PMID:The "orphan" Na+/Cl(-)-dependent transporter, Rxt1, is primarily localized within nerve endings of cortical origin in the rat striatum. 1042 58

The relative mobility of pyrithiobac [sodium 2-chloro-6-(4, 6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-ylthio)benzoate], a new herbicide used for postemergence control of broadleaf weeds in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), was evaluated and compared against that of bromide (Br(-)) tracer on four soils representative of cotton-growing regions using intact soil columns under saturated flow conditions. Pyrithiobac breakthrough curves were asymmetrical in shape with significant tailing and displaced to the left of 1 pore volume in the Houston Black clay (fine, montmorillonitic, thermic Udic Pellustert), Orelia fine sandy clay loam (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Ochraqualfs), and Ships silty clay (very-fine, mixed, thermic Udic Chromustert) soils. Breakthrough of pyrithiobac in the Hidalgo sandy loam soil (fine-loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Typic Calciustoll) was delayed and more symmetrical, with peak pyrithiobac concentration reached after 1.2 pore volumes. The immobile pore water (IPW) fractions estimated from the Br(-) breakthrough curves ranged from 20 to 87% of total pore water. The IPW values demonstrated that soils with the greatest amount of IPW (Ships with IPW = 87.3%) exhibited the most rapid movement of pyrithiobac (peak concentration after 0.04 pore volume). The experimentally determined pyrithiobac breakthrough curves confirmed the high mobility of this herbicide in these alkaline and predominantly smectitic soils. These results indicate that pyrithiobac mobility was influenced by soil type and preferential flow processes when leached through intact soil columns.
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PMID:Mobility of the herbicide pyrithiobac through intact soil columns. 1056 50

The secretion of milk depends on the activity of a large number of membrane transport systems located on the apical and basolateral membranes of mammary secretory cells. It follows that a thorough knowledge of individual mammary tissue membrane transport systems is required if we are to fully understand the process of milk secretion. The distribution of the transporters between the apical and basolateral poles of the mammary epithelium must be asymmetrical given that the mammary gland is capable of vectorial transport. This is particularly evident in the case of glucose and amino acid transport systems: the transport mechanisms for these compounds are predominantly situated in the blood-facing aspect of the secretory cells. In addition. it is apparent that there is a polarized distribution of transport systems (carriers and channels) which accept sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, and calcium as substrates.
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PMID:Mammary gland membrane transport systems. 1081 12

Fixed drug eruption (FDE) represents a frequent type of drug eruption in Turkey. The aim of this open study is to analyze the clinical features with special emphasize on drug related pattern in our case series. Sixty-four cases with established FDE by oral provocation were clinically evaluated. Cotrimoxazole, a combination of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, was the most common offender for FDE (75%), followed by naproxen sodium (12.5%), dipyrone (9.5%), dimenhydrinate (1.5%) and paracetamol (1.5%). Sensitivity to more than one drug was not observed. Cotrimoxazole-induced FDE was mainly located on male genitalia. Naproxen predominantly affected lips and face whereas dipyrone mainly caused FDE on trunk and extremities. Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference only for dipyrone versus cotrimoxazole over trunk and extremities (p = 0.03). Familial occurrence, symmetrical and asymmetrical nonpigmenting FDE, linear FDE, solitary plaque on the cheek, and "wandering" FDE were unusual findings of cotrimoxazole-induced FDE. Cotrimoxazole was the leading etiological agent in our series. Cotrimoxazole-induced FDE had some rarely or previously unreported features, but a significant relation between drugs and involved areas or clinical pattern could not be established.
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PMID:Drug related clinical pattern in fixed drug eruption. 1084 56

A flow injection analysis method is described to determine fluticasone propionate, based upon a novel adaptation of the reaction of o-phthalaldehyde with a thiol and a primary amine. The method, which allows both UV and fluorescence detection, has been optimised using experimental design. First a screening is executed to select the significant factors and in a second step these factors are optimised with the variable-size simplex algorithm. In the screening step, a two-level fractional factorial design is compared with an asymmetrical design containing the same number of experiments, but in which one factor is at three levels. It was found that in both designs the same significant variables are detected for the two-level factors, but that for the three-level factor the asymmetrical design confirms an expectation of having a (local) optimum in the examined domain, whilst from the two-level design this is not at all apparent. Complete optimisation was carried out for both UV and fluorescence detection. The two detection methods did not have the same significant variables. For the UV detection, the temperature and the pH adjustment on-line (concentration of sodium hydroxide and amount of boric acid) were the most critical parameters. For the fluorimetric detection the temperature and the fraction of methanol were critical. Moreover the conditions found to be optimal are different for both detection methods.
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PMID:Development and optimisation of a flow injection assay for fluticasone propionate using an asymmetrical design and the variable-size simplex algorithm. 1093 22

The synthesis of a number pyrrolo-annelated tetrathiafulvalenes, including the parent bis(pyrrolo[3,4-d])tetrathiafulvalene (7) is decribed. Starting from readily available 4,5-bis(bromomethyl)-1, 3-dithiole-2-thione (14) and sodium tosylamide, the parent 7 and the asymmetric monopyrrolo tetrathiafulvalenes 23a,b were prepared in good yields via a nonclassical and simple pyrrole synthesis. Furthermore, a series of asymmetrical N-alkylated monopyrrolo/monodihydropyrrolotetrathiafulvalenes was prepared starting from primary amines and 14. A detailed study of the fundamental redox behavior of this class of heterocycles is reported. NMR spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and PM3 MO calculations revealed that the pyrrolo-annelated tetrathiafulvalenes have highly extended pi-surfaces. The X-ray crystallographic analyses of the monopyrrolo tetrathiafulvalenes 22b and 24b, together with preliminary formation of a charge-transfer complex between the parent donor 7 and TCNQ, are also reported.
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PMID:Pyrrolo-annelated tetrathiafulvalenes: the parent systems 1097 Mar 26

The method for labeling of inner membrane leaflet in unilamellar giant POPC vesicles was developed and characterised. Symmetrically NBD-PC labeled vesicles were treated by sodium dithionite, which undergoes an irreversible chemical reaction with NBD-PC molecule making it non-fluorescent. After the addition of dithionite the fluorescence on single vesicles as well as on vesicle suspension showed a 50% decrease of its initial value corresponding to marker quenching in the outer leaflet. Hence, fluorimetry as well as fluorescence microscopy prove that dithionite quenching is a suitable method to induce an asymmetrical labeling of the NBD-PC marked giant vesicles.
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PMID:Asymmetrical labeling of giant phospholipid vesicles. 1100 10

Emotional reactions are sometimes observed during the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test. For instance, euphoric/indifference reactions can be seen during right hemisphere inactivation and catastrophic reactions may accompany left hemisphere inactivation. Less dramatic changes can also be detected in affective self-report during left and right hemisphere amobarbital tests, with more negative affect reported during left hemisphere inactivation and either neutral or mildly positive affective states reported during right hemisphere inactivation. The current study not only replicated this effect, but in addition, found significant group differences. The first group (right way) showed a pattern of affective self-report during left and right amobarbital tests entirely consistent with prior findings, while a second group (wrong way) showed results that behaved in a diametrically opposite fashion. A third group (no change) showed little, if any, difference in affective self-report during left and right amobarbital tests. The major factor distinguishing the wrong way group from the other two appeared to be an asymmetrical distribution of left and right temporal lobe lesions in the former group. In contrast, the factor differentiating the right way group from the no change group appeared to be the relative degree of left hemisphere inactivation during the left hemisphere amobarbital test. The results are discussed not only in terms of their impact on theories of cerebral lateralization for emotion, but also in terms of methodological issues in this field.
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PMID:Affective self-report during the intracarotid sodium amobarbital test: group differences. 1101 12

In contact with lipid bilayers and Ca2+-ions, the intracellular protein human annexin V (wild-type), Mr = 35,800, forms two types of cation-selective channels for the transport of Ca2+-, K+-, Na+- and Mg2+-ions, depending on the protein concentration [AN]. Type (I) channel events are large and predominant at high values [AN] > or = K = 5 nM at 296 K. At 50 mM Ca2+, symmetrical on both membrane sides, AN added at the cis side, the conductance is gCa(I) = 22 +/- 2 pS and at symmetrical 0.1 M K+-conditions: gK(I) = 32 +/- 3 pS, associated with two mean open-times tau1(I) = 0.68 +/- 0.2 ms and tau2(I) = 31 +/- 2 ms. Monoclonal anti-AN antibodies added to the trans-side first increase the mean open-times and then abolish the channel activity, suggesting that type (I) channels refer to a membrane spanning protein complex, probably a trimer T, which at [AN] > K changes its membrane organization to a higher oligomer, probably to the side-by-side double-trimer T2. The smaller type (II) channel events are predominant at low [AN] < or = K and refer to the (electroporative) adsorption complex of the monomer. The conductances g(i)(II) for symmetrical concentrations depend non-linearly on the voltage Um = Uext + U(AN), where U(AN) = 0.02 +/- 0.002 V is the electrostatic contribution of the Ca2+-AN complex and Uext the externally applied voltage. There is only one mean open-time tau(o)(II) which is voltage-dependent according to a functional of b x Um2 where b = 113.9 +/- 15 V(-2), yielding an activation Gibbs free energy of Ga = RT x b x Um2. The conformational flicker probability f(i)(II) in g(i)(II) = g(i)0(II) x gamma(i) x f(i)(II) is non-linearly voltage-dependent according to a functional of a x Um2. The Nernst term gamma(i) refers to asymmetrical ion concentrations. From a = 50 V(-2), independent of the ion type, we obtain f(i)0(II) = 0.03 +/- 0.002 and the conductances for the fully open-channel states: gCa0(II) = 69 +/- 3 pS (0.05 M Ca2+) and gK0(II) = 131 +/- 5 pS (1.2 M K+). From the electroporation term a = pi[r(p)2]epsilon0(epsilon(w) - epsilon(m))/(2 kTd) we determine the mean pore radius of the complex in its fully open state as r(p)= 0.86 +/- 0.05 nm. The adsorbed annexin V (Ca2+) monomer appears to electrostatically facilitate the electric pore formation at the contact interface between the protein and the lipid phase. The complex rapidly flickers and thus limits the ion transport in a voltage-dependent manner.
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PMID:Electroporative fast pore-flickering of the annexin V-lipid surface complex, a novel gating concept for ion transport. 1102 85

The purpose of this study was to examine cation channel activity in the apical membrane of the outer medullary collecting duct of the inner stripe (OMCD(i)) using the patch-clamp technique. In freshly isolated and lumen-opened rabbit OMCD(i), we have observed a single channel conductance of 23.3 +/- 0.6 pS (n = 17) in cell-attached (c/a) patches with high KCl in the bath and in the pipette at room temperature. Channel open probability varied among patches from 0.06 +/- 0.01 at -60 mV (n = 5) to 0.31 +/- 0.04 at 60 mV (n = 6) and consistently increased upon membrane depolarization. In inside-out (i/o) patches with symmetrical KCl solutions, the channel conductance (22.8 +/- 0.8 pS; n = 10) was similar as in the c/a configuration. Substitution of the majority of Cl- with gluconate from KCl solution in the pipette and bath did not significantly alter reversal potential (E(rev)) or the channel conductance (19.7 +/- 1.1 pS in asymmetrical potassium gluconate, n = 4; 21.4 +/- 0.5 pS in symmetrical potassium gluconate, n = 3). Experiments with 10-fold lower KCl concentration in bath solution in i/o patches shifted E(rev) to near the E(rev) of K+. The estimated permeability of K+ vs. Cl- was over 10, and the conductance was 13.4 +/- 0.1 pS (n = 3). The channel did not discriminate between K+ and Na+, as evidenced by a lack of a shift in the E(rev) with different K+ and Na+ concentration solutions in i/o patches (n = 3). The current studies demonstrate the presence of cation channels in the apical membrane of native OMCD(i) cells that could participate in K+ secretion or Na+ absorption.
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PMID:Apical membrane of native OMCD(i) cells has nonselective cation channels. 1139 45


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