Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P50583 (asymmetrical)
 12,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and dopamine (DA) are important integrators of the endocrine and autonomic response to stress. CRF neurons in the anterior portions of the periventricular nucleus (PV) and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pvPVN) occur close to A14 DA neurons in these same locations. Since CRF has been shown to act as an excitatory neurotransmitter, possible CRF interactions with the DA system were investigated using double-label immunocytochemistry. Coronal vibratome sections through the PV and pvPVN were obtained from colchicine-treated and nontreated juvenile female cynomolgus macaques. They were sequentially immunostained for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) (to identify DA neurons) with PAP and DAB, and for CRF using 15 nm colloidal gold. By light microscopy, areas of coincidence of TH- and CRF-immunoreactive cell bodies in the PV and pvPVN were obvious, but double-stained elements were not observed. By electron microscopy, asymmetrical synapses frequently occurred between CRF axons and TH dendrites or somata. Symmetrical axosomatic synapses sometimes appeared adjacent to these CRF/TH synapses, while symmetrical axoaxonic synapses were rare. We conclude that CRF neuronal efferents synaptically activate A14 DA neurons in the primate PV and pvPVN. Parallel CRF/DA symmetrical synapses also suggest coexistence of a companion transmitter within some of these same CRF neurons. Our own previous work and recent independent studies indicate that this transmitter is probably GABA. Thus the CRF neuronal system, which is known to alter secretion of several pituitary hormones, may also act through hypothalamic periventricular DA neurons to mediate other responses to stress.
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PMID:Corticotropin-releasing factor neurons innervate dopamine neurons in the periventricular hypothalamus of juvenile macaques. Synaptic evidence for a possible companion neurotransmitter. 257 55

The thalamocortical and other synapses of the apical dendrites of corticostriatal projection neurons in mouse primary somatosensory cortex (SmI) were examined by combining anterograde degeneration with the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Electrolytic lesions were made in the ventrobasal thalamus, followed 3 days later by injections of 40% HRP into the ipsilateral caudate-putamen nucleus. The next day, the mice were perfused and the SmI cortex ipsilateral to the lesion and injection sites was chopped at 125-micrometer and reacted for HRP using a CoCl2-DAB method. HRP-labeled corticostriatal cells in SmI cortex were medium-sized pyramidal cells, having somata located in the superficial portion of layer V and apical dendrites extending into layer I. Seven corticostriatal cells were serially thin sectioned and the layer IV portions of their apical dendrites were reconstructed. Each apical dendrite formed only one or two thalamocortical synapses (0.3 to 0.9% of their synapses in layer IV) indicating that corticostriatal neurons may be minimally responsive to direct synaptic input from the specific thalamic nuclei. Each apical dendrite formed about 12.6 asymmetrical synapses for every symmetrical synapse, suggesting that the relative numbers of excitatory and inhibitory synapses impinging on apical dendrites belonging to an individual class of neurons may be specified.
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PMID:A quantitative study of the thalamocortical and other synapses in layer IV of pyramidal cells projecting from mouse SmI cortex to the caudate-putamen nucleus. 717 91

On the basis of the comparing of the distribution of beta-endorphin-like immunoreactive neuronal fibres and nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus, the synapses between the two immunocytochemically identified neurons were studied with a modified DAB-silver-gold intensification double immunostaining technique at the electron microscopic level. Although both of them can be found in the mediodorsal and medioventral parts of the dorsal raphe nucleus, the synapses between them could only be found in the mediodorsal part. The majority of the beta-endorphin-like immunoreactive neuronal fibers contained many dense-cored vesicles. The synapses made by beta-endorphin-like immunoreactive neuronal axon terminals on nitric oxide synthase-like immunoreactive neurons were both symmetrical and asymmetrical with the former predominant, especially in the axo-dendritic ones. beta-Endorphin-like immunoreactive perikarya could only be found in the ventrobasal hypothalamus. These findings suggest the possibility that the beta-endorphin- producing neurons in the ventrobasal hypothalamus could influence nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus by synaptic relations.
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PMID:Immunoelectron microscopy of beta-endorphinergic synaptic innervation of nitric oxide synthase immunoreactive neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. 758 21

A preembedding double immunostaining technique was used to study synaptic relationships between angiotensin-II-like immunoreactive and enkephalin-like immunoreactive neurons in the rat area postrema. The angiotensin-II-like immunoreactive neurons were detected by silver-gold intensification of the DAB reaction results while the enkephalin-like immunoreactive neurons were detected by simple ABC-DAB reaction. The synaptic relationships were reciprocal between the two neurons. Most of the synapses found between these two neurons were the presynaptic enkephalin-like immunoreactive axon terminals that made synapses on the angiotensin-II-like immunoreactive perikarya and dendrites. Both the axo-somatic and axo-dendritic synapses were symmetrical. However, although angiotensin-II-like immunoreactive axon terminals also made synapses on enkephalin-like perikarya and dendrites, the axo-somatic synapses were symmetrical, while the axo-dendritic synapses were asymmetrical. The present results confirm the presence of angiotensin-II-like immunoreactive neurons in the area postrema and suggest that these angiotensinergic neurons in the area postrema may play a role in the regulation of blood pressure via coordinated synaptic interactions with enkephalinergic neurons.
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PMID:Reciprocal synaptic relationships between angiotensin II-containing neurons and enkephalinergic neurons in the rat area postrema. 1140 Jan 77