Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P50583 (asymmetrical)
 12,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although significant progress has recently been made in culturing mammalian urothelial cells, relatively little is known about their biochemical differentiation. In this paper, we assessed the differentiation state of cultured bovine urothelial cells by analyzing their keratins and a cell surface marker, uroplakin I. Urothelial cells were serially cultured either in a serum-free medium, or in a serum-containing medium in the presence of 3T3 feeder cells, with similar results. Despite their stratified appearance, both normal urothelium and cultured urothelial cells synthesize mainly K8, K18 and K19, keratins that are typically seen in simple epithelia. However, cultured urothelial cells synthesize a greatly increased amount of K5 and K6 keratins, which are usually expressed by stratified epithelia but present only in trace amounts in normal urothelium. These data indicate that, as far as keratin synthesis is concerned, cultured urothelial cells undergo an altered pattern of differentiation towards a more 'stratified phenotype'; this unusual finding has interesting implications for urothelial evolution. In the meantime, many superficial cells in cultured urothelial colonies make uroplakin I, a 27 x 10(3) Mr protein subunit of the asymmetrical unit membrane (AUM) characteristic of urothelial (superficial) umbrella cells. These results indicate that cultured urothelial cells undergo, at least in part, AUM biogenesis. Cultured urothelial cells thus provide a useful experimental model system for studying certain early steps of AUM formation.
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PMID:Assessing the differentiation state of cultured bovine urothelial cells: elevated synthesis of stratification-related K5 and K6 keratins and persistent expression of uroplakin I. 170 40

A 67-year-old patient has had exanthema in the lower right limb since 51 years ago (16 years old at onset), which underwent repeated remission and recurrence. At present, he has bilateral symmetrical widespread infiltrating exanthema and asymmetrical marked neuralhypertrophy, and has been diagnosed typical LLs (His father had the same disease). The exanthema recurred several years ago, and the patient is being treated for Hansen's disease. He had a dark brown flat elevation with a rough surface and the size of a small finger tip in his right abdominal skin for approximately 20 years. A biopsy was performed, and the specimen was fixed in 10% formalin and paraffin sections were prepared for histopathologic examination. A part of the specimen was processed forscanning electron microscopic examination. Seborrheic keratosis was diagnosed by H & E staining. Acid-fast (FITE) staining, immunohistochemical staining (keratin, S-100 protein, anti-PGL antibody and anti-BCG antibody) and scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of bacteria (M. leprae) in the dermal foam cells, the matrix with a banded structure and the squamous epithelial cells which normally lack phagocytosis function. Compared to the basal cells of normal epidermis, the basal cells located adjacent to the dermis affected with seborrheic keratosis showed increased proliferation and more marked characteristics of a germinative cell. The degree of differentiation of the basal cells appeared regressed, and they probably possessed augmented phagocytic activity. The phagocytosed bacteria were probably carried by the epidermal cell cycle toward the surface layer. However, bacteria could not be found in the stratum corneum, probably due to an association with the lysosome.
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PMID:[Intraepidermal mass of M. leprae in a case of seborrheic keratosis due to Hansen's disease (LLs)]. 858 83

Almost all fish electric organs (EO) developed from the skeletal muscles or from its embryonic rudiments. The only exception is the definite (in contrast to larval) EO of Apteronotidae, formed by motoneurons, whose loss of relation with muscles is secondary. The main feature of all EO of the muscle genesis is cooperative morphological and electrophysiological polarity of their electrocyte cells anterioposteriorly or (in Torpedo, Uranoscopus) of the dorso-ventral axes of the body. In particular, for the EO of muscular origin, unilateral asymmetric innervation of electrocytes by electromotoneurons is characteristic. Such innervation is a prerequisite condition for the summation of electric discharges. It is one of the main distinctions of EO from definitive skeletal muscles. However, in the emryogenesis of all vertebrates the initial innervation of muscle rudiments by the so-called pioneer motoneurons occurs. In teleosts (according to data on Brachidanio rerio available) extending to every myotome are outgrowths of three pioneer motoneurons referred to after their position in the nerotubule as "rostral", "medial" and "caudal". The former two innervate dorsally with the dorsal compartment of the myotome. The third approaches the ventral compartment of the same myotome caudally. In the gymnotic fish the innervation of EO formed from the axial skeletal muscles retains the same nature. The electrocytes of EO from the dorsal and ventral compartments of the myotome, are approached by electromotoneurons, respectively, rostrally and caudally. In compartments, the antipolarity of the innervation of the dorsal and ventral EO compartments leads to a paradoxical effect of generation of anti-polar pulses. The summation of these pulses creates a very short difference electric charge. In Mormyridae the antipolarity of the innervation of the rostral and ventral compartments of EO formed from the axial muscle is not pronounced. However, electroneurons resemble pioneer motoneurons by the following characters: the large size of the bodies and their localization near the central tube, absence of dendrities, electrosynaptic connection, polar (asymmetrical) pattern of electrocyte innervation. Outside EO, the cooperative polarity of the cells is only characteristic of epithelia, particularly, ciliated. At the same time, in some electric fish, the electrogeneratory tissue is similar to epithelium in a number of morphological characters, or the genes expressed in it show the gene of keratin AE-1, typical of epithelia. The above gives grounds to believe that EO of muscle origin are a product of fixation and aggravation by natural selection of hereditary anomalies, manifested in the recovery or in the retaining of the embryonic (i.e., polar nature) of the efferent innervation of some parts of skeletal muscles. Another distinction of EO from the muscles appears to lie in the expression of some individual components of the gene epithelial complex. A method is proposed for electromyographic recording of such anomalies and molecular-genetic approachers to analysis of their nature. The causes of the absence of EO epithelial genesis are discussed and also of the fact that these organs developed only in the evolution of fish.
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PMID:[Cytoembryologic aspects of evolution of specialized electric organs of fishes]. 1119 May 63

Reports of free-ranging Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) with abnormal hooves and lameness increased significantly in southwestern Washington, USA, during winter 2008. In March 2009 we examined five severely affected elk with clinical lameness from this region to characterize hoof lesions, examine the general health of affected elk, and potentially identify etiologies causing hoof disease. Three clinically normal elk from an adjacent but unaffected region were also collected as normal controls. Grossly, affected elk had deformed hooves that were asymmetrical, markedly elongated, and curved or broken, as well as hooves with sloughed horn. Most affected elk had severe sole ulcers with extensive laminar necrosis and pedal osteomyelitis. Histopathology of normal and abnormal hooves identified acute and chronic laminitis in all affected elk and one control elk. Hepatic copper and selenium levels in all affected and control elk were also deficient, and hoof keratin copper levels were low. No significant underlying systemic or musculoskeletal disease was detected in the affected elk, and attempts to isolate bacterial and viral pathogens were unsuccessful. A primary cause of hoof deformity was not definitively identified in this chronically affected group. Studies to identify infectious hoof disease and to characterize acute and subacute lesions are underway.
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PMID:Severe hoof disease in free-ranging Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus roosevelti) in southwestern Washington, USA. 2448 4

Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling specifies the orientation of epithelial cells and regulates directional beating of motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells. Clinically, defects in cilia function are associated with nasopharyngeal symptoms. The polarity of the nasopharyngeal epithelium is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated PCP in the nasopharyngeal epithelium. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) were uniformly aligned with their long axis parallel to the tissue axis of the nasopharynx (NP). In addition, PCP proteins exhibited an asymmetrical localisation between adjacent cells. Motile cilia were uniformly aligned in the same direction within both individual cells and neighbouring cells, which manifested as cilial polarity in MCCs. Mutation of Vangl2, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila PCP gene, resulted in significant disruption of the orientation of epithelial cells. Finally, keratin-5-positive basal cells constantly replenished the luminal ciliated cells; the new dynamic ciliated cells were also oriented parallel to the tissue axis. These results indicate a role for the PCP pathway in the uniform orientation of dynamically replenished epithelial cells in the NP.
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PMID:Planar cell polarity governs the alignment of the nasopharyngeal epithelium in mammals. 3245 25