Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P50583 (asymmetrical)
 12,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Although calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) has been shown to play a critical role in long-term potentiation (LTP) and emotional learning mediated by the basolateral amygdala, little is known about its cellular localization in this region. We have utilized immunohistochemical methods to study the neuronal localization of CaMK, and its relationship to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic structures, in the rat basolateral amygdala (ABL). Light microscopic observations revealed dense CaMK staining in the ABL. Although the cell bodies and proximal dendrites of virtually every pyramidal cell appeared to be CaMK(+), the cell bodies of small nonpyramidal neurons were always unstained. Dual localization of CaMK and GABA immunoreactivity with confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that CaMK and GABA were found in different neuronal populations in the ABL. CaMK was contained only in pyramidal neurons; GABA was contained only in nonpyramidal cells. At the ultrastructural level, it was found that CaMK was localized to pyramidal cell bodies, thick proximal dendrites, thin distal dendrites, most dendritic spines, axon initial segments, and axon terminals forming asymmetrical synapses. These findings suggest that all portions of labeled pyramidal cells, with the exception of some dendritic spines, can exhibit CaMK immunoreactivity. By using a dual immunoperoxidase/immunogold-silver procedure at the ultrastructural level, GABA(+) axon terminals were seen to innervate all CaMK(+) postsynaptic domains, including cell bodies (22%), thick (>1 microm) dendrites (34%), thin (<1 microm) dendrites (22%), dendritic spines (17%), and axon initial segments (5%). These findings indicate that CaMK is a useful marker for pyramidal neurons in ultrastructural studies of ABL synaptology and that the activity of pyramidal neurons in the ABL is tightly controlled by a high density of GABAergic terminals that target all postsynaptic domains of pyramidal neurons.
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PMID:GABAergic innervation of alpha type II calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase immunoreactive pyramidal neurons in the rat basolateral amygdala. 1193 37

The in vitro permeation of ondansetron through human cadaver epidermis, as a preliminary step toward the development of a transdermal therapeutic system, was investigated. In vitro release studies were carried out using modified Franz diffusion cells and human epidermis, taken from cadaver skin by heat separation technique. To estimate the effect of the type and concentration of the penetration enhancers and the skin from different donors, an 8(1)3(2) asymmetrical factorial design was used. Formulations containing lauric acid and oleic acid as penetration enhancers, showed the largest Q values [amounts of ondansetron permeated per unit area of epidermal membrane (microg/cm2)] at 24, 48, and 72 hr, as well as steady-state flux values, among all formulations tested. The other enhancers increased the flux in the following order: lauryl alcohol>glycerol monooleate>Azone >cineole>oleyl alcohol>1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Moreover, the concentration of the penetration enhancer and the type of the skin were proved to significantly affect the permeation rate of ondansetron through human epidermis. From the results obtained, it was shown that the formulations containing lauric acid or oleic acid at 5% or 10% could increase sufficiently the permeation of ondansetron. Therefore, the transdermal administration of ondansetron seems feasible.
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PMID:Use of an 8(1)3(2) asymmetrical factorial design for the in vitro evaluation of ondansetron permeation through human epidermis. 1500 Apr 65