Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P50583 (asymmetrical)
 12,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diffraction patterns that are highly reproducible, of useful quality, and consistent with the input generating them can be easily obtained with a microscope system. The input can be either a reduced photograph or a thin section. With two exceptions, the relationships between a thin section and its diffraction pattern produced by a petrographic microscope are the same as the relationships between a photographic input and its diffraction pattern produced by a conventional ODA system. The exceptions are that the diffraction patterns generated directly by the thin sections may be asymmetrical or, if the thin section is sufficiently heterogeneous, may be smeared. The microscope system is generally more useful than a conventional ODA system for the analysis of microfabric in thin sections. One can readily use the microscope system to analyze elements of widely varying spatial frequency simply by changing the objectives. The diffraction patterns can be magnified by changing to a higherpower ocular. In most cases the microscope-generated diffraction pattern transmits the useful spatial information in the thin section more completely than the conventionally produced diffraction pattern; the photographic inputs for the conventionally produced diffraction pattern emphasize lower-frequency spatial information. This property, combined with the microscope system's better response to twinning, makes the microscope more sensitive to commonly used microfabric elements. For the analysis of thin sections, a conventional ODA system is superior to the microscope system in only three cases. First, if one wants to analyze the entire thin section at one time, a conventional system must be used with a photographic input of the thin section. Second, if the thin section is extremely heterogeneous (crystallographically or mineralogically), the microscope-generated diffraction pattern may exhibit gross smearing even with the highestpower objectives available. Finally, the thin section may contain only elements of low spatial frequency that will not generate diffraction dots far enough radially from the central spot to be resolvable. More study will be needed to establish the precision of spatial frequency measurements from diffraction patterns generated directly by thin sections with the microscope system. Experiments with a variety of film types and sources of illumination will, in all likelihood, lead to a reduction in the exposure times used to record diffraction patterns with the microscope (9). A complete ODA system must have directional and frequency-filtering capabilities. In order to establish these capabilities for the microscope system, components will need to be designed and fabricated and the microscope body may have to be modified. The possibility of applying the microscope technique in reflected light on a real-time basis should be investigated. This would be a valuable tool in the quantitative analysis of microfracture initiation and propagation and the analysis of overall fabric changes during experimental deformation of rock both in situ and in the laboratory. The technique presented here can be used with a less expensive microscope, if it has a focusable Bertrand lens. Our experiments with relatively inexpensive microscopes indicated that the only major problem is alignment of the illuminating system (light-filter-condenser).
 ...
PMID:Optical diffraction analysis of petrographic thin sections. 441 30

Ultrastructural changes within the ipsilateral dorsolateral striatum were investigated 1 month following a unilateral ablation of the rat frontal cortex (CTX), removing corticostriatal input, or injection of the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into the substantia nigra pars compacta, removing nigrostriatal input. In addition, a combined ipsilateral cortical and 6-OHDA lesion (CTX/6-OHDA) was carried out. We find that following a CTX, 6-OHDA, or CTX/6-OHDA lesion, there was a significant decrease in the density of striatal nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivity compared to the control group. There was also a significant increase in all three lesion groups in the mean percentage of asymmetrical synapses associated with a perforated postsynaptic density. There was a large increase within the CTX/6-OHDA-lesioned group and a smaller but still significant increase in the CTX-lesioned group in the percentage of terminals or boutons with multiple synaptic contacts (i.e., multiple synaptic boutons, MSBs), compared to either the 6-OHDA or the control group. There was no change in any of these measurements within the contralateral striatum. There was a significant decrease in the number of apomorphine-induced contralateral rotations in the CTX/6-OHDA versus the 6-OHDA-lesioned group. Animals receiving just the single CTX or 6-OHDA lesion recovered in motor function compared to the control group as measured by the Rotorod test, while the CTX/6-ODA-lesioned group recovered to less than 50% of the control level. The data suggest that following a CTX and/or 6-OHDA lesion, there is an increase in striatal glutamatergic function. The large increase in the percentage of MSBs in the combined lesion group suggests that dopamine or other factors released by the dopamine terminals assist in regulating synapse formation.
 ...
PMID:Alterations in rat striatal glutamate synapses following a lesion of the cortico- and/or nigrostriatal pathway. 1096 98