Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P50583 (asymmetrical)
 12,197 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The red nuclei of 14 adult male rats of the Wistar strain were prepared for electron microscopic study following perfusion with a mixture of aldehydes, Neurons of four size categories were identified in 1 mu Epon sections and their ultrastructural characteristics were studied in adjacent thin sections. Giant (greater than 40 mu) and large (26-40 mu) neurons are distinguished primarily by size and possess similar ultrastructural features: extensive areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), a prominent perinuclear Golgi complex, numerous mitochondria and pigment granules and a large, ovoid nucleus which occasionally contains intranuclear rodlets. Medium size neurons (20-25 mu) have less extensive, poorly organized RER and randomly distributed Golgi complexes. The nuclear envelopes of these cells frequently show multiple invaginations and continuity with the RER cisternae. In small neurons (less than 20 mu) the RER occurs as single or anastomosing strands whi le golgi complexes and pigment granules are few. In both medium size and small neurons, aggregates of condensed chromatin are adherent to the inner nuclear membrane. Three main types of synaptic terminals may be distinguished in the red nucleus: (1) small terminals with flattened vesicles and symmetrical densities (F terminals), (2) small terminals with rounded vesicles and asymmetrical densities (RS terminals), and (3) large (10-15 mu) asymmetrical, rounded vesicle terminals which form multiple contacts along their length (RL terminals). The small neurons receive both F and RS terminals on their dendrites and infrequently on their cell somas. The large and giant neurons receive F, RS and RL terminals on their somas and proximal dendrites and F and RS terminals on their distal dendrites. The somas and dendrites of medium size neurons receive both F and RS terminals but RL terminals do not lie in relation to them. Spine contacts are common throughout the nucleus and occur on both somas and dendrites.
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PMID:An ultrastructural study of the red nucleus in the rat. 115 Sep 26

In 1979 Cohen et Hayden and in 1983 Wiedemann et al. delineated a syndrome consisting of partial gigantism of the hands and/or feet, nevi, hemihypertrophy, subcutaneous tumors, macrocephaly or other skull anomalies and possible accelerated growth and visceral affections. Hitherto the literature pertaining to this syndrome consists of somewhat more than 100 cases of which some, that have been described previously or subsequently under other headings, were rediagnosed as being Proteus syndromes. Of these, more than half show vascular anomalies closely resembling those observed in the Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome, but in the Proteus syndrome appear to be more haphazardly distributed over the integument. We report 3 pediatric patients with the Proteus syndrome, all showing cutaneous angiodysplasias. These patients were initially diagnosed as suffering from "severe or atypical Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome". In one of these, cardiac tumors were observed soon after birth which subsequently showed spontaneous involution and were therefore considered to be rhabdomyomas. In the Proteus syndrome cardiac pathology is rare, and cardiac tumors have not been described previously. Moreover, we observed umbilical hernia in two of our patients, a feature which has hitherto not been reported in patients with the Proteus syndrome. In all our patients a broad thoracic cage resembling a "body-builders chest", asymmetrical and disproportional macrodactyly and broad, flat feet were conspicuous. These broad, flat feet with macrodactyly and large spaces between the first and second digits were designed by the parents of one of our patient as "chimpanzee's feet". Macrodactyly, "chimp's" feet and a broad thoracic cage are considered by us to be clinical hallmarks of the Proteus syndrome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Proteus syndrome. Expansion of the phenotype. Apropos of 3 pediatric cases]. 133 4

Cochlear sensory and neural degeneration was examined in nine pairs of human temporal bones fixed by perilymphatic perfusion, using phase-contrast and electron microscopy. Four pairs, three from females, had only slight sensorineural degeneration, limited to the very basal end of the cochlea. A predominantly neural degeneration was identified in a 54-year-old male. The process was bilateral, asymmetrical, uneven, and involved the entire length of the cochlea with several circumscribed areas of severe nerve degeneration. One case had mild, diffuse sensorineural degeneration in the lower half of the basal turn characteristic of presbyacusis. The other three pairs, all from males, revealed sensorineural degeneration patterns associated with noise injury and were remarkably similar to or almost identical with cochleas described previously. There was a good correlation between the presence of supporting cells and the survival of nerve fibres in the osseous spiral lamina in the corresponding area. In one cochlea, however, the degeneration of only inner hair cells in a small area was associated with complete nerve degeneration in the corresponding sector of the spiral lamina. Giant cilia were frequently seen in the apical turn.
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PMID:Observations on the pattern of sensorineural degeneration in the human cochlea. 223 39

Eighty-two cases of giant cell tumor (GCT) were reviewed. Hematoxylin-eosin-and hematoxylin, phloxine, saffron, and alcian green-stained sections (82 cases) were examined for mitotic rate, the number of giant cells, and the pleomorphism of the stromal cells. In 29 cases, the tumor was stained for CD68, alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (AIACT), S100 protein, Muramidase, and von Willebrand factor (factor VIII). The staining properties of mononuclear and multinucleated giant cells were compared. Morphometric analysis was performed on 14 cases with a LECO 2001 computer-assisted image analyzer (LECO Instruments Ltd, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) and included absolute cell count, nuclear area, perimeter, roughness, roundness, and aspect and nuclear versus cytoplasmic ratios, measured both in the stromal cells and giant cells. The cases were divided into four groups: (1) cases with metastasis, (2) cases with recurrence, (3) cases with both metastasis and recurrence, and (4) cases with neither metastasis nor recurrence. Immunohistochemistry revealed a stronger AIACT than muramidase positivity in general. The staining was stronger in stromal cells than in giant cells. Giant cells in all tumors were positive for CD68. Stromal cells showed weaker positivity for the same stain. The number of asymmetrical mitotic figures was significantly greater in group 3 than in group 4 (P < .05). Morphometric assessment has identified a statistically significant difference in the aspect ratio and the roundness of the nuclei between these two groups. The other parameters did not differ significantly. In this article, the significance of these findings in prognostication and the histogenesis of the giant cell tumor are discussed. Their clinical applicability is yet to be determined.
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PMID:The prognostic significance of histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry in giant cell tumors of bone. 876 6

Giant unilamellar vesicles with diameters ranging from 10 to 60 microns were obtained by the swelling of phospholipid bilayers in water in the presence of an AC electric field. This technique leads to a homogeneous population of perfectly spherical and unilamellar vesicles, as revealed by phase-contrast optical microscopy and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. Freshly prepared vesicles had a high surface tension with no visible surface undulations. Undulations started spontaneously after several hours of incubation or were triggered by the application of a small osmotic pressure. Partially deflated giant vesicles could undergo further shape change if asymmetrical bilayers were formed by adding lyso compounds to the external leaflet or by imposing a transmembrane pH gradient that selectively accumulates on one leaflet phosphatidylglycerol. Fluorescence photobleaching with 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-labeled phospholipids or labeled dextran trapped within the vesicles enabled the measurement of the membrane continuity in the dumbbell-shaped vesicles. In all instances phospholipids diffused from one lobe to the other, but soluble dextran sometimes was unable to traverse the neck. This suggests that the diameter of the connecting neck may be variable.
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PMID:Shape change and physical properties of giant phospholipid vesicles prepared in the presence of an AC electric field. 878 71

The causes of biological gigantism have received much attention, but only for individual organisms. What selection pressures might favour the evolution of gigantic societies? Here we consider the largest single-queen insect societies, those of the Old World army ant Dorylus, single colonies of which can have 20 million workers. We propose that colony gigantism in Dorylus arises as a result of an arms race and test this prediction by developing a size-structured mathematical model. We use this model for exploring and potentially explaining differences in colony size, colony aggression and colony propagation strategies in populations of New World army ants Eciton and Old World army ants Dorylus. The model shows that, by determining evolutionarily stable strategies (ESSs), differences in the trophic levels at which these army ants live feed forwards into differences in their densities and collision rates and, hence, into different strategies of growth, aggression and propagation. The model predicts large colony size and the occurrence of battles and a colony-propagation strategy involving highly asymmetrical divisions in Dorylus and that Eciton colonies should be smaller, non-combative and exhibit equitable binary fission. These ESSs are in excellent agreement with field observations and demonstrate that gargantuan societies can arise through arms races.
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PMID:Arms races and the evolution of big fierce societies. 1150 86

Proteus syndrome is a complex hamartomatous disorder characterized by asymmetrical gigantism, epidermal nevi, vascular malformations, hamartomas, lipomas, and hyperostosis. Since the syndrome was first described, many hypotheses have been proposed to explain its occurrence. The most plausible is Happle's somatic mosaic hypothesis, but no somatic mutations in candidate genes have been reported to be clearly involved in Proteus syndrome. However, germ-line PTEN mutations have been reported in patients with Proteus and in "Proteus-like disorders." Other studies of patients with Proteus syndrome have not supported these findings. In this study, affected and unaffected tissue from six patients diagnosed with Proteus syndrome were screened by direct sequencing of genomic DNA to determine if there might be an association between germ-line or somatic mutations in PTEN or GPC3 and the development of Proteus syndrome. No intra-exonic mutations were identified, indicating that neither PTEN nor GPC3 are likely to have major roles in the etiology of Proteus syndrome in our series of patients.
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PMID:Mutation analysis of the tumor suppressor PTEN and the glypican 3 (GPC3) gene in patients diagnosed with Proteus syndrome. 1537 12

We have investigated the effect of sphingomyelin (SM) to ceramide enzymatic conversion on lipid bilayers using Giant Unilamellar Vesicles (GUVs). Sphingomyelinase was added externally to GUVs containing various proportions of SM. In situ asymmetrical SM conversion to ceramide reduced the area of one leaflet. In the absence of equilibration of all the lipids between the two leaflets, a mismatch between the two monolayers was generated. The tension generated by this mismatch was sufficient to trigger the formation of membrane defects and total vesicle collapse at relatively low percentage of SM ( approximately 5% mol). The formation of nanometric size defects was visualised by AFM in supported bilayers. Vesicle rupture was prevented in two circumstances: (a) in GUVs containing a mixture of l(d) and l(o) domains and (b) in GUVs containing 5% lyso-phosphatidylcholine. In both cases, the accumulation of enough ceramide (at initial SM concentration of 10%) allowed the formation of ceramide-rich domains. The coupling between the two asymmetrical monolayers and the condensing effect produced by the newly formed ceramide generated a tension that could underlie the mechanism through which ceramide formation induces membrane modifications observed during the late stages of apoptosis.
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PMID:Surface tension induced by sphingomyelin to ceramide conversion in lipid membranes. 1729 25

Biting is an integral feature of the feeding mechanism for aquatic and terrestrial salamanders to capture, fix or immobilize elusive or struggling prey. However, little information is available on how it works and the functional implications of this biting system in amphibians although such approaches might be essential to understand feeding systems performed by early tetrapods. Herein, the skull biomechanics of the Chinese giant salamander, Andrias davidianus is investigated using 3D finite element analysis. The results reveal that the prey contact position is crucial for the structural performance of the skull, which is probably related to the lack of a bony bridge between the posterior end of the maxilla and the anterior quadrato-squamosal region. Giant salamanders perform asymmetrical strikes. These strikes are unusual and specialized behavior but might indeed be beneficial in such sit-and-wait or ambush-predators to capture laterally approaching prey. However, once captured by an asymmetrical strike, large, elusive and struggling prey have to be brought to the anterior jaw region to be subdued by a strong bite. Given their basal position within extant salamanders and their "conservative" morphology, cryptobranchids may be useful models to reconstruct the feeding ecology and biomechanics of different members of early tetrapods and amphibians, with similar osteological and myological constraints.
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PMID:3D bite modeling and feeding mechanics of the largest living amphibian, the Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus (Amphibia:Urodela). 2585 57

Abnormalities of physiological development (teratological forms) in ticks are rare. The occurrence of gigantism, dwarfism, gynandromorphs, missing legs, extra legs, and asymmetries is most often reported from lab-reared specimens, but has been observed in field-collected specimens. All morphologically anomalous ticks (besides gynandromorphy) described to date are from species other than Ixodes scapularis Say (Acari: Ixodidae). Here we describe four teratological I. scapularis nymphs collected while dragging vegetation in Wisconsin in 2015, including two asymmetrical ticks, one with a missing leg, and one with an extra leg.
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PMID:Teratological Nymphal Ixodes scapularis (Acari: Ixodidae) From Wisconsin. 2668 90


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