Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P50502 (Hip)
 7,003 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Osteoporosis is a public health scourge that is usually eminently preventable. Some risk factors, such as low calcium intake, vitamin D deficiency, and physical inactivity, are amenable to early interventions that will help maximize peak bone density. Other risk factors subject to modification are cigarette smoking and excessive consumption of protein, caffeine, and alcohol. Hip fractures are the most serious outcome of osteoporosis, with enormous personal and public health consequences. The ongoing Study of Osteoporotic Fractures has identified additional independent predictors of hip fracture risk, including maternal hip fracture, absence of significant weight gain since age 25, height, hyperthyroidism, use of long-acting benzodiazepines or anticonvulsants, spending < 4 hours a day on one's feet, inability to rise from a chair without using one's arms, poor visual depth perception and contrast sensitivity, and tachycardia. In an individual perimenopausal woman, the risk of osteoporotic fracture and the urgency of estrogen replacement therapy can be best estimated on the basis of bone mineral density, as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, coupled with the presence or absence of existing fractures and clinical risk factors evident from the history and physical examination. Estrogen, calcitonin, and bisphosphonates have all been proved effective in retarding postmenopausal bone loss and therefore reducing the risk of fracture. The use of sodium fluoride is more controversial, although a recent study has suggested a possible role for slow-release fluoride combined with high-dose calcium supplementation.
 ...
PMID:Osteoporosis: prevention, diagnosis, and management. 921 58

Smoking is associated with postmenopausal bone loss and fracture, but the effect of smoking on bone in younger women is unclear. Peak bone mass is an important determinant for fracture risk; therefore, our aim was to evaluate the association between smoking and bone mass in 25-year-old women, specifically the influence of daily cigarette consumption and total exposure, duration, age at starting smoking, and time since smoking cessation on bone density and fracture risk. Smoking and bone mineral density (BMD) data were available for 1,054 women from the PEAK-25 cohort. Analyses comparing current smokers with women who never smoked were performed using number of cigarettes per day, pack-years, smoking duration, age smoking started, and, for former smokers, age at quitting. BMD did not differ between never, former, and current smokers; and the relative fracture risk in smokers was not significant (relative risk [RR] = 1.2, 95 % confidence interval 0.8-1.9). Among current smokers, BMD decreased with a dose response as cigarette consumption increased (femoral neck p = 0.037). BMD was not significantly lower in young women who had smoked for long duration or started smoking early (p = 0.07-0.64); long duration and early start were associated with higher body mass index (BMI; p = 0.038). Lower BMD persisted up to 24 months after smoking cessation (p = 0.027-0.050), becoming comparable to never-smokers after 24 months. Hip BMD was negatively associated with smoking and dose-dependent on cigarette consumption. Smoking duration was not associated with BMD, although young women with a long smoking history had higher BMI, which might attenuate the adverse effects from smoking.
 ...
PMID:Adverse effects of smoking on peak bone mass may be attenuated by higher body mass index in young female smokers. 2400 7