Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P47989 (xanthine oxidase)
 8,633 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Azelaic acid is an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid (HOOC-(CH2)7-COOH) which has recently been shown to have some practical therapeutic applications in skin diseases of different etiologies. It possesses diverse biological activities and its mechanisms of action are still under investigation. Azelaic acid, as disodium salt (C(9)2Na), at concentrations from 0.05 mM to 1.0 mM is capable of inhibiting significantly the hydroxylation of 1-tyrosine to 1-DOPA due to hydroxylradicals (HO.) produced by Fenton reaction. Similarly C(9)2Na significantly inhibits the heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of toluene to cresols, and the peroxidation of arachidonic acid (C20:4,n6), due to HO. formed by dissolved oxygen in the presence of UV-irradiated semiconductor TiO2 (photo-Fenton type reaction). C(9)2Na decomposition and its by-products formation are quantifiable only at high HO. concentrations. On the contrary, C(9)2Na is not a scavenger of O2-. generated by xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Under the same experimental conditions, mannitol behaves like C(9)2Na. These data indicate that HO. scavenging capacity of C(9)2Na in vitro, and represent a useful tool for further investigations on the mechanisms of action of azelaic acid in biological systems.
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PMID:Scavenging activity of azelaic acid on hydroxyl radicals "in vitro". 164 75

With the help of nanocrystalline TiO2, the direct electrochemistry of xanthine oxidase (XOD) was achieved and two pairs of redox waves were observed. The interaction between XOD and nitric oxide (NO) was also investigated. The experimental results reveal that NO can be reduced at a XOD-nano TiO2 film modified electrode. When the NO concentration was low, the reduced product, HNO, would inactivate the protein. However, when the NO concentration was high, HNO would continue to react with NO to form N2O2- and N3O3-, which would not inhibit XOD, and thus the amount of active protein did not decrease any further.
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PMID:Electrochemistry of xanthine oxidase and its interaction with nitric oxide. 1651 35

Memristors have been compared to neurons and synapses, suggesting they would be good for neuromorphic computing. A change in voltage across a memristor causes a current spike which imparts a short-term memory to a memristor, allowing for through-time computation, which can do arithmetical operations and sequential logic, or model short-time habituation to a stimulus. Using simple physical rules, simple logic gates such as XOR, and novel, more complex, gates such as the arithmetic full adder (AFA) can be instantiated in sol-gel TiO2 plastic memristors. The adder makes use of the memristor's short-term memory to add together three binary values and outputs the sum, the carry digit and even the order they were input in, allowing for logically (but not physically reversible) computation. Only a single memristor is required to instantiate each gate, as additional input/output ports can be replaced with extra time-steps allowing a single memristor to do a hitherto unexpectedly large amount of computation, which may mitigate the memristor's slow operation speed and may relate to how neurons do a similarly large computation with slow operation speeds. These logic gates can be understood by modelling the memristors as a novel type of perceptron: one which is sensitive to input order. The memristor's short-term memory can change the input weights applied to later inputs, and thus the memristor gates cannot be accurately described by a single perceptron, requiring either a network of time-invariant perceptrons, or a sequence-sensitive self-reprogrammable perceptron. Thus, the AFA is best described as a sequence-sensitive perceptron that sorts binary inputs into classes corresponding to the arithmetical sum of the inputs. Co-development of memristor hardware alongside software (sequence-sensitive perceptron) models in trained neural networks would allow the porting of modern deep-neural networks architecture to low-power hardware neural net chips.
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PMID:Neuromorphic computation with spiking memristors: habituation, experimental instantiation of logic gates and a novel sequence-sensitive perceptron model. 3041 49