Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P47989 (xanthine oxidase)
 8,633 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. In rat aortic tissues pre-contracted with phenylephrine, certain 1,4-dihydropyridines (DHPs) such as Bay K 8644 (0.1 microM), PN 202791 (1 microM), RK 30 (1 microM), NI 104 (1 microM) and NI 105 (1 microM) enhanced photoactivated relaxations (photorelaxation or PR) whereas NI 72, NI 85, NI 99, NI 102, amlodipine, felodipine, nifedipine and nimodipine were inactive. 2. The PR inducing effects of Bay K 8644 were mimicked by the diabetogenic agent, streptozotocin (STZ). 3. Solutions of Bay K 8644 which had been irradiated for various periods of time initiated light independent transient relaxations followed by contractile responses in aortic tissue partially contracted with phenylephrine. With exposure times to light of 30 to 120 min, the intensity of the relaxation response to irradiated Bay K 8644 increased from 26 +/- 3.3 to 71 +/- 3.7% of the maximum contractile response to phenylephrine (n = 5). Conversely the contractile responses decreased, from 84.2 +/- 4.1 to 19.8 +/- 10.4% of the maximum contractile response to phenylephrine (n = 5). 4. Superoxide ions, generated by incubation of xanthine (2mM) plus xanthine oxidase (10 mu ml-1) in physiological saline solution (PSS) NaCl 118, KCl 4.7, CaCl2 2.5, KH2PO4 1.2, MgSO4 1.2, NaHCO3 12.5 and glucose 11.1 (mM) for 1 h. reduced the PR induced by DHPs, STZ, and also NO-induced relaxations of rat aortic preparations. 5. Direct measurements of NO indicate that, following exposure to a polychromatic light source, equimolar concentrations (0.1 mM) of the DHP compounds that enhance PR, as well as STZ, photodegrade to release NO (25 +/- 2-40.3 +/- 5.9 nmol min-1, n = 6). 6. Structure-activity studies indicate that a nitro group at the -3 position of the dihydropyridine ring is essential for DHPs to support PR. 7. These data suggest that the photodegradation of DHPs and STZ leading to the release of NO provides the primary cellular process underlying the PR response.
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PMID:Nitric oxide, a possible mediator of 1,4-dihydropyridine-induced photorelaxation of vascular smooth muscle. 879 57

Cerebral hypoxia in the fetus and newborn results in neonatal morbidity and mortality as well as long-term sequelae such as mental retardation, seizure disorders, and cerebral palsy. In the developing brain, determinants of susceptibility to hypoxia should include the lipid composition of the brain cell membrane, the rate of lipid peroxidation, the presence of antioxidant defenses, and the development and modulation of excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter receptors such as the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, the intracellular Ca2+, and the intranuclear Ca(2+)-dependent mechanisms. In addition to the developmental status of these cellular components, the response of these potential mechanisms to hypoxia determines the fate of the hypoxic brain cell in the developing brain. Using electron spin resonance spectroscopy of alpha-phenyl-N-tert-butyl-nitrone spin adducts, studies from our laboratory demonstrated that tissue hypoxia results in increased free radical generation in the cortex of fetal guinea pigs and newborn piglets. Pretreatment with MgSO4 significantly decreased the hypoxia-induced increase in free radical generation in the term fetal brain. We also showed that brain tissue hypoxia modifies the NMDA receptor ion-channel recognition and modulatory sites. Furthermore, a higher increase in NMDA receptor agonist-dependent Ca2+ in synaptosomes was demonstrated. The increase in intracellular Ca2+ may activate several enzymatic pathways such as phospholipase A2 and metabolism of archidonic acid by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase, conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase by proteases, and activation of nitric oxide synthase. Using inhibitors of each of these enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (indomethacin), lipoxygenase (nordihydroguaiaretic acid), xanthine oxidase (allopurinol), and nitric oxide synthase (N-nitro-L-arginine), studies have shown that these enzyme reactions result in oxygen free radical generation, membrane peroxidation, and cell membrane dysfunction in the hypoxic brain. Specifically, generation of nitric oxide free radicals during hypoxia may lead to nitration and nitrosylation of specific membrane proteins and receptors, resulting in dysfunction of receptors and enzymes. We conclude that hypoxia-induced modification of the NMDA receptor leading to increased intracellular Ca2+ results in free radical generation and cell injury. We suggest that during hypoxia the increased intracellular Ca2+ may lead to increased intranuclear Ca2+ concentration and alter nuclear events including transcription of specific apoptotic genes and activation of endonucleases, resulting in programmed cell death.
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PMID:Mechanisms of perinatal cerebral injury in fetus and newborn. 1081 2

We conducted a Medline search for controlled studies evaluating currently available drugs for pharmacological neuroprotection. They had to be administered prior to transient global cerebral ischaemia without further non-pharmacological measures. We deliberately excluded focal ischaemia since its pathophysiology is substantially different from global ischaemia. A total of 45 articles conducted exclusively in laboratory animals met these criteria. The following classes of agents were evaluated: anaesthetics, GABAergic drugs, calcium-antagonists, anticonvulsives, sodium-channel blockers, potassium-channel activators, NMDA-receptor antagonists, hormones, vasodilators, dopamine- and alpha2-agonists, magnesium, xanthine oxidase- and cyclooxygenase inhibitors, a nootropic, a protease inhibitor, and immunosuppressants. Some of them were applied chronically and others administered via clinically impracticable routes. The available literature favours isoflurane, phenytoin, lamotrigine, magnesium, and potentially, nimodipine, and flunarizine. If factors like costs, toxicity, side effects, route and mode of application are considered, isoflurane and MgSO4 that have also been safely applied to patients with compromised left ventricular pump function are advantageous but their true role in human neuroprotection remains unclear.
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PMID:A systematic review of currently available pharmacological neuroprotective agents as a sole intervention before anticipated or induced cardiac arrest. 1579 72