Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P47989 (xanthine oxidase)
 8,633 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 65 patient suffering from podagra, liver function was found to depend on a number of aggravating factors (alcoholic drink use, obesity). Liver function disorders were detected in 1/4 of the patients examined. Alterations in enzymic activity were recorded in 44% of podagra patients, using alcohol. The level of AlAT was 0.78 +/- 0.21 mumol/l versus 0.54 +/- 0.02 in the control group (p less than 0.05), that of AcAT 0.60 +/- 0.13 mumol/l versus 0.41 +/- 0.01 in the control group, and that of xanthine oxidase 110.9 +/- 3.89 units versus 87.4 +/- 1.4 in the control group. In 22.2% of podagra in the disease history, alterations in liver function were also detectable, which was likely to be due to the podagra process itself. On scanning of 36 patients suffering from podagra, 23 persons manifested diffuse and 6 focal liver injury.
 ...
PMID:[Liver involvement in podagra]. 204 26

First identified by the Egyptians in 2640 BC, podagra (acute gout occurring in the first metatarsophalangeal joint) was later recognized by Hippocrates in the fifth century BC, who referred to it as 'the unwalkable disease'. The term is derived from the Latin word gutta (or 'drop'), and referred to the prevailing medieval belief that an excess of one of the four 'humors'--which in equilibrium were thought to maintain health--would, under certain circumstances, 'drop' or flow into a joint, causing pain and inflammation. Throughout history, gout has been associated with rich foods and excessive alcohol consumption. Because it is clearly associated with a lifestyle that, at least in the past, could only be afforded by the affluent, gout has been referred to as the 'disease of kings'. Although there is evidence that colchicine, an alkaloid derived from the autumn crocus (Colchicum autumnale), was used as a powerful purgative in ancient Greece more than 2000 years ago, its first use as a selective and specific treatment for gout is attributed to the Byzantine Christian physician Alexander of Tralles in the sixth century AD. Uricosuric agents were first used at the end of the 19th century. In the modern era, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are usually the drugs of choice for treating acute gout. Perhaps the most important historical advance in the treatment of hyperuricemia was the development of xanthine oxidase inhibitors, which are effective in reducing plasma and urinary urate levels and have been shown to reverse the development of tophaceous deposits.
 ...
PMID:A concise history of gout and hyperuricemia and their treatment. 1682 40

Gout is the most prevalent inflammatory arthritis and affects 2.5% of the general population in the UK. It is also the only arthritis that has the potential to be cured with safe, inexpensive and well tolerated urate-lowering treatments, which reduce serum uric acid by either inhibiting xanthine oxidase - eg allopurinol, febuxostat - or by increasing the renal excretion of uric acid. Of these, xanthine oxidase inhibitors are used first line and are effective in 'curing' gout in the vast majority of patients. Gout can be diagnosed on clinical grounds in those with typical podagra. However, in those with involvement of other joints, joint aspiration is recommended to demonstrate monosodium urate crystals and exclude other causes of acute arthritis, such as septic arthritis. However, a clinical diagnosis of gout can be made if joint aspiration is not feasible. This review summarises the current understanding of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, investigations and treatment of gout.
 ...
PMID:Gout - a guide for the general and acute physicians. 2814 82