Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P43146 (tumour suppressor)
 5,935 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The p53 tumour suppressor protein is phosphorylated by several protein kinases, including casein kinase II. In order to understand the functional significance of phosphorylation by casein kinase II, we have introduced mutations at serine 386 in mouse p53, the residue phosphorylated by this kinase, and investigated their effects on the ability of p53 to arrest cell growth. Replacement of serine 386 by alanine led to loss of growth suppressor activity, while aspartic acid at this position partially retained suppressor function. These data suggest that the anti-proliferative activity of p53 is activated by phosphorylation at serine 386, and establish a direct link between the covalent modification of a growth suppressor protein and regulation of its activity in mammalian cells.
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PMID:Mutation of the casein kinase II phosphorylation site abolishes the anti-proliferative activity of p53. 145 21

The recent finding that eight out of 10 multiple myeloma cell lines have p53 gene mutations prompted us to examine the p53 tumour suppressor gene in 25 non-related multiple myeloma patients. None of 19 patient bone marrow samples available for Southern blot analysis showed rearrangements in the p53 gene and only one patient showed loss of the p53 locus. DNA encompassing exons 5, 7, and 8, where p53 mutations commonly cluster, was amplified by PCR. Single-strand conformation polymorphisms of the PCR-amplified exon 5 region were detected in two patients. Direct sequencing of the mutant band revealed that one patient had a C to T transition at codon 138 (Ala to Val) and one patient had a G to C transversion at codon 139 (Lys to Asn). p53 mutations in germline cells in hereditary cancer syndromes predispose the family members to the development of malignancies. We therefore searched for p53 germline mutations in exons 5, 7, and 8 in the affected individuals from three families each with two multiple myeloma patients (these patients include three individuals from the non-related group mentioned above). Using Southern blotting, polymerase chain reaction/single-strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) analysis and direct sequencing, no germline mutations were found. These results indicate that mutations in exons 5, 7, and 8 of the p53 gene are infrequent in multiple myeloma.
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PMID:Sporadic mutations of the p53 gene in multiple myeloma and no evidence for germline mutations in three familial multiple myeloma pedigrees. 832 Oct 49

The p53 tumour suppressor protein is a potent transcription factor which plays a central role in the defence of cells against DNA damage and the propagation of malignant clones. We have previously shown that phosphorylation of serine 386 in mouse p53 by the growth- associated protein kinase, casein kinase II (CKII), plays an important role in the ability of p53 to block the proliferation of drug-resistant colonies. In this paper we show that blocking phosphorylation of serine 386 through an alanine substitution, or placing a constitutive negative charge at this position in the form of aspartate, had no significant influence on p53-dependent transcriptional activation of a promoter containing 13 copies of a p53 consensus binding sequence, or of the p21WAF1 promoter which is a natural target for p53. In contrast, the alanine mutant showed a weak reduction in the ability of p53 to repress expression from the c-fos promoter, which is a target for p53-dependent repression in vivo. Strikingly, when the repression of the SV40 early promoter was examined, a reduction in the repression capacity of up to 5-fold was observed. Moreover, repression of the SV40 promoter could be partially restored by aspartic acid substitution at the phosphorylation site. These data indicate that phosphorylation at a specific C-terminal site can selectively regulate p53-dependent repression, but not transactivation.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of p53 at the casein kinase II site selectively regulates p53-dependent transcriptional repression but not transactivation. 860 47

We have previously shown that a 20 amino acid peptide derived from the third ankyrin-like repeat of the p16CDKN2/INK4a (p16) tumour suppressor protein (residues 84-103 of the human p16 protein) can bind to cdk4 and cdk6 and inhibit cdk4-cyclin D1 kinase activity in vitro as well as block cell cycle progression through G1. Substitution of two valine residues corresponding to amino acids 95 and 96 (V95A and V96A) of the p16 peptide reduces the binding to cdk4 and cdk6 and increases its IC0.5 for kinase inhibition approximately threefold when linked to the Antennapedia homeodomain carrier sequence. The same mutations increase the IC0.5 approximately fivefold in the p16 protein. Substitution of aspartic acid 92 by alanine instead increases the binding of the peptide to cdk4 and cdk6 and the kinase inhibitory activity. The p16 peptide blocks S-phase entry in non-synchronized human HaCaT cells by approximately 90% at a 24 microM concentration. The V95A and V96A double substitution minimizes the cell cycle inhibitory capacity of the peptide whereas the D92A substitution increases its capacity to block cell cycle progression. A deletion series of the p16 derived peptide shows that a 10 residue peptide still retains cdk4-cyclin D1 kinase and cell cycle inhibitory activity. The p16 peptide inhibited S-phase entry in five cell lines tested, varying between 47-75%, but had only a limited (11%) inhibitory effect in the pRb negative Saos-2 cells at a concentration of 24 microM. Like the full length p16 protein, the p16 peptide does not inhibit cyclin E dependent cdk2 kinase activity in vitro. These data suggest that acute inhibition of CDK-cyclin D activity by a peptide derived from the INK4 family will stop cells in late G1 in a pRb dependent fashion.
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PMID:Characterization of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitory domain of the INK4 family as a model for a synthetic tumour suppressor molecule. 948 4

Chromosome 9p21 is frequently deleted in malignant melanoma, and one familial malignant melanoma gene has been linked to 9p21-22. Recently, the cyclin D-dependent kinase inhibitors (CDKIs) p16INK4a and p15INK4b have been localized within chromosome 9p21, and the presence of p16INK4a point mutations has been demonstrated in familial melanoma and melanoma cell lines in vitro. To analyse the role of these CDKIs in sporadic human cutaneous non-metastatic malignant melanoma, we examined 36 primary tumour specimens representing different stages of melanoma progression and their corresponding normal skin samples for the three mechanisms of CDKI inactivation described so far. Homozygous codeletion of the p16INK4a and the p15INK4b gene was detected by Southern blot analysis in two tumour samples. By direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified microdissected genomic DNA; no somatic or germline p16INK4a point mutations or small deletions were detected in the remaining 34 tumour samples; one individual exhibited the previously described germline codon 148 (Ala-->Thr) polymorphism. In these tumour specimens, comparative semiquantitative reverse PCR analysis of p16INK4a transcript levels revealed no evidence for repression of p16INK4a gene transcription and thus for p16INK4a promoter inactivation by DNA methylation. These results indicate homozygous p16INK4a and p15INK4b loss to occur in a subset of cutaneous melanomas and suggest, in view of the frequent loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9p21, the presence of another tumour suppressor gene within this chromosomal region.
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PMID:Homozygous deletion of the p16INK4a and the p15INK4b tumour suppressor genes in a subset of human sporadic cutaneous malignant melanoma. 953 18

The human BTG1 protein is thought to be a potential tumour suppressor because its overexpression inhibits NIH 3T3 cell proliferation. However, little is known about how BTG1 exerts its anti-proliferative activity. In this study, we used the yeast 'two-hybrid' system to screen for interacting protein partners and identified human carbon catabolite repressor protein (CCR4)-associative factor 1 (hCAF-1), a homologue of mouse CAF-1 (mCAF-1) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yCAF-1/POP2. In vitro the hCAF-1/BTG1 complex formation was dependent on the phosphorylation of a putative p34cdc2 kinase site on BTG1 (Ser-159). In yeast, the Ala-159 mutant did not interact with hCAF-1. In addition, phosphorylation of Ser-159 in vitro showed specificity for the cell cycle kinases p34CDK2/cyclin E and p34CDK2/cyclin A, but not for p34CDK4/cyclin D1 or p34cdc2/cyclin B. Cell synchrony experiments with primary cultures of rat aortic smooth-muscle cells (RSMCs) demonstrated that message and protein levels of rat CAF-1 (rCAF-1) were up-regulated under conditions of cell contact, as previously reported for BTG1 [Wilcox, Scott, Subramanian, Ross, Adams-Burton, Stoltenborg and Corjay (1995) Circulation 92, I34-I35]. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis showed that rCAF-1 localizes to the nucleus of contact-inhibited RSMCs, where it was physically associated with BTG1, as determined by co-immunoprecipitation with anti-hCAF-1 antisera. Overexpression of hCAF-1 in NIH 3T3 and osteosarcoma (U-2-OS) cells was itself anti-proliferative with colony formation reduced by 67% and 90% respectively. Taken together, these results indicate that formation of the hCAF-1/BTG1 complex is driven by phosphorylation at BTG1 (Ser-159) and implicates this complex in the signalling events of cell division that lead to changes in cellular proliferation associated with cell-cell contact.
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PMID:Human carbon catabolite repressor protein (CCR4)-associative factor 1: cloning, expression and characterization of its interaction with the B-cell translocation protein BTG1. 982 Aug 26

Apoptosis in human monocytic THP.1 tumour cells, induced by diverse stimuli, was accompanied by proteolytic cleavage of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene product (APC) and by sequential cleavage of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product (Rb). Cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), APC and the initial cleavage of Rb at the carboxy terminal region all occurred at a similar time, early in the apoptotic process. Subsequently, Rb underwent a secondary cleavage to 43 kDa and 30 kDa protein fragments. Two caspase inhibitors, benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp (OMe) fluoromethyl ketone (Z-VAD.FMK) and acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp chloromethyl ketone (YVAD.CMK), had markedly different effects on the induction of apoptosis. Z-VAD.FMK inhibited the primary and secondary cleavage of Rb, cleavage of APC and PARP, and apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry. In marked contrast, YVAD.CMK inhibited cleavage of APC and the secondary cleavage of Rb to the 43 kDa and 30 kDa protein fragments but did not inhibit the primary carboxy terminal cleavage of Rb, PARP proteolysis or apoptosis assessed by flow cytometry. These results suggest that different caspases are responsible for the cleavage of different substrates at different stages during the apoptotic process and that a caspase may either cleave APC directly or may be involved in the pathway leading to APC proteolysis. This is the first report suggesting that a cytoplasmic tumour suppressor gene (APC) may be cleaved by a caspase during apoptosis.
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PMID:The adenomatous polyposis coli protein and retinoblastoma protein are cleaved early in apoptosis and are potential substrates for caspases. 1020 Apr 66

Radiation injury to cells enhances C-terminal phosphorylation of p53 at both Ser315 and Ser392 in vivo, suggesting the existence of two cooperating DNA damage-responsive pathways that play a role in stimulating p53-dependent gene expression. Our previous data has shown that cyclin A-cdk2 is the major enzyme responsible for modifying p53 at Ser315 in vivo after irradiation damage and in this report we dissect the mechanism of cyclinA-cdk2 binding to and phosphorylation of p53. Although cyclin B(1)-dependent protein kinases can phosphorylate small peptides containing the Ser315 site, cyclin A-cdk2 does not phosphorylate such small peptides suggesting that additional determinants are required for cyclin A-cdk2 interaction with p53. Peptide competition studies have localized a cyclin A interaction site to a Lys381Lys382Leu383Met384Phe385 sequence within C-terminal negative regulatory domain of human p53. An alanine mutation at any one of four key positions abrogates the efficacy of a synthetic peptide containing this motif as an inhibitor of cyclin A-cdk2 phosphorylation of p53 protein. Single amino acid mutations of full-length p53 protein at Lys382, Leu383, or Phe385 decreases cyclin A-cdk2 dependent phosphorylation at Ser315. Cyclin B(1)-cdk2 complexes are not inhibited by KKLMF motif-containing peptides nor is p53 phosphorylation by cyclin B-cdk2 reduced by mutation of the cyclin A interaction site. These data identifying a KKLMF cyclin A docking site on p53 protein highlight a common cyclin A interaction motif that is shared between the tumour suppressor proteins pRb and p53.
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PMID:The C-terminal regulatory domain of p53 contains a functional docking site for cyclin A. 1088 47

The retinoblastoma (pRb)-related p130 pocket protein is a regulator of cell growth and differentiation, and a candidate tumour suppressor. Both pRb and p130 operate through interactions with cellular proteins, including the E2F transcription factors. While such interactions are controlled by phosphorylation of multiple sites of pRb, regulation of p130 remains poorly understood. We now identify 22 in vivo phosphorylation sites of p130, targeted by diverse kinases, and present evidence for three cyclin-dependent kinase 4(6) [Cdk4(6)] specific phosphorylations, which appear critical for controlling the growth-restraining activity of p130. When expressed in U2OS cells, the phosphorylation-deficient mutant p130(Delta)(CDK4), in which the Cdk4 specific sites were mutated to alanine residues, imposed a more sustained G1 arrest than a constitutively active pRb(Delta)(CDK), known to repress all cellular E2F activity. Experiments using p130(Delta)(Cdk4) and another phosphorylation-deficient mutant, p130(PM19A), with 19 phosphorylation sites mutated, revealed that the p130-imposed G1 block reflects cooperative growth-suppressive effects of phosphorylation-regulated E2F binding and phosphorylation-independent sequestration of cyclin E(A)-Cdk2 through the N-terminal cyclin binding motif of p130.
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PMID:Phosphorylation-dependent and -independent functions of p130 cooperate to evoke a sustained G1 block. 1115 49

Murine double minute clone 2 oncoprotein (MDM2) is a key component in the regulation of the tumour suppressor p53. MDM2 mediates the ubiqutination of p53 in the capacity of an E3 ligase and targets p53 for rapid degradation by the proteasome. Stress signals which impinge on p53, leading to its activation, promote disruption of the p53-MDM2 complex, as in the case of ionizing radiation, or block MDM2 synthesis and thereby reduce cellular MDM2 levels, as in the case of UV radiation. It is therefore likely that MDM2, which is known to be modified by ubiquitination, SUMOylation and multi-site phosphorylation, may itself be a target for stress signalling (SUMO is small ubiquitin-related modifier-1). In the present study we show that, like p53, the MDM2 protein is a substrate for phosphorylation by the protein kinase CK2 (CK2) in vitro. CK2 phosphorylates a single major site, Ser(267), which lies within the central acidic domain of MDM2. Fractionation of cellular extracts revealed the presence of a single Ser(267) protein kinase which co-purified with CK2 on ion-exchange chromatography and, like CK2, was subject to inhibition by micromolar concentrations of the CK2-specific inhibitor 5,6-dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole. Radiolabelling of cells expressing tagged recombinant wild-type MDM2 or a S267A (Ser(267)-->Ala) mutant, followed by phosphopeptide analysis, confirmed that Ser(267) is a cellular target for phosphorylation. Ser(267) mutants are still able to direct the degradation of p53, but in a slightly reduced capacity. These data highlight a potential route by which one of several physiological modifications occurring within the central acidic domain of the MDM2 protein can occur.
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PMID:Phosphorylation of murine double minute clone 2 (MDM2) protein at serine-267 by protein kinase CK2 in vitro and in cultured cells. 1128 21


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