Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P43146 (tumour suppressor)
 5,935 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In Sweden, snuff (locally known as snus), was introduced since the year 1637. Presently, Sweden has the highest per capita consumption and sale figures of snuff in the world, and the habit is becoming increasingly popular. Snus is manufactured into a dry form used in the nasal cavity and a moist form used in the oral cavity. Snus manufactured for oral use is a moist ground tobacco of Dark Kentucky or Virginia species mixed with an aqueous solution of water and other blending ingredients. This form of snuff is found in two types: (1) loose and (2) portion-bag-packed. These are the most widely used. The loose moist form (1-2 g a quid) is the most popular type consumed by 73% of the males, followed by the portion-bag-packed form (0.5-1 g a quid), consumed by 13% of the males, while 14% of the males are mixed users. The majority of snus users place the quid in the vestibular area of the upper lip, and the prevalence among persons 15 years of age or older in 15.9% among males and 0.2% among females. The pH of snus has declined from a previous range of 8-9 to a range of 7.8-8.5, moisture content ranges 35-60% and nicotine content is in the order of 5-11 mg/g dry wt tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines (TSNAs) in micrograms (N'-nitrosonornicotine: NNN 5-9; 4-(methyl-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone: NNK 1-2; N'-nitrosoanatabine: NAT 2-5). In the Sudan, snuff, locally known as toombak, was introduced approximately 400 years ago. It is always processed into a loose moist form, and its use is widespread in the country. Tobacco used for manufacture of toombak is of the species Nicotiana rustica, and the fermented ground powder is mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate. The resultant product is moist, with a strong aroma, highly addictive and its use is widespread particularly among males. Its pH range is 8-11, moisture content ranges 6-60% and nicotine content is from 8 to 102 mg/g dry wt, and TSNAs contents in micrograms (NNN 420-1 550; NNK 620-7 870; NAT 20-290). Snus and toombak dippers develop a clinically and histologically characteristic lesion at the site of dipping. Probably due to control of the TSNAs in snus, this type of snuff is associated with a lower risk of cancer of the oral cavity (relative risk: RR 5-6-fold), whereas the risk for cancer of the oral cavity among toombak users was high (RR 7.3-73.0-fold). In conclusion, the two snuff products significantly differ in many aspects. Most notable differences are tobacco species, fermentation and ageing, nicotine and TSNAs content, pH, expression of the p53 tumour suppressor gene, and keratin types 13, 14, and 19. It was, therefore, the object of the present study to highlight the oral health hazards of toombak, and to compare it with snus regarding the aforementioned differences.
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PMID:The Swedish snus and the Sudanese toombak: are they different? 993 Mar 71

Polymorphisms of N-acetyltransferase type 2 (NAT2) conferring the slow acetylator phenotype have been linked to increased susceptibility to arylamine-induced bladder cancer in Caucasians. Genes for NAT2, the other NAT isozyme, NAT1, and a NAT pseudogene (NATP) are found on 8p22, a region displaying loss of heterozygosity, particularly in invasive bladder tumours. A restriction enzyme digestion map has defined the relative positions of the NAT genes to each other and to adjacent CpG islands. NAT2, as a polymorphic gene of known function, is a potentially valuable marker for the detection of loss of heterozygosity in 8p22. Two approaches to investigate loss of heterozygosity at the NAT2 locus in bladder tumours have been used. (1) A cosmid containing NAT2 has been used in fluorescence in-situ hybridization on human exfoliated bladder cells collected from unselected bladder cancer outpatients. Loss of signal from the NAT2 cosmid was found in nine of the 20 patients. (2) A panel of 13 human bladder tumours was investigated for loss of heterozygosity using the polymorphism in the NAT2 gene as a marker. Loss of heterozygosity at the NAT2 locus has been compared with loss of heterozygosity at adjacent microsatellite marker sites known to be located on 8p. There is agreement between loss of heterozygosity at the NAT2 locus and adjacent microsatellite marker loci in 11 of the tumours but two of the tumours appear to show retention at the NAT2 locus. More extensive mapping of the region around the NAT loci, particularly on the centromeric side, is important to pinpoint possible tumour suppressor genes or their modifiers in the region. There are no other expressed sequences known in this region and therefore NAT genes are important genetic landmarks.
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PMID:Genes for human arylamine N-acetyltransferases in relation to loss of the short arm of chromosome 8 in bladder cancer. 1020 36