Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to study the differentiation level of two chicken monocytic cell lines, IN24 and LSCC-NP1 cells, alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) was examined by ultrastructural cytochemical technique. Morphologically and functionally, IN24 cells showed immature character compared to LSCC-NP1 cells. In IN24 and LSCC-NP1 cells, ANAE activity was localized on the external face of the plasma membrane and coated vesicles, but not in lysosomes and phagocytic vacuoles. ANAE reactivity showed a dense linear reaction product on the entire cell surface in IN24 cells and granular reaction product in LSCC-NP1 cells. On treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), ANAE reactivity of IN24 cells became similar to that of LSCC-NP1 cells. IN24 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) had less amounts of ANAE surface product, and reactivity was partially dispersed on the cell surface.
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PMID:Ultrastructural cytochemical characterization of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase in chicken monocytic cell lines. 183 29

During the course of studies involving the in vitro manipulation of channel catfish peripheral blood leukocytes, spontaneous proliferation was observed with unexpectedly high frequency. Propagation of these spontaneously proliferating cells has resulted in the development of long-term (greater than 11 mo.) cell lines which stain positively for nonspecific esterase and peroxidase, are phagocytic for latex beads, and morphologically resemble mammalian monocytes or macrophages. These long-term cell lines also exhibit two important additional functional features. First, induction with lipopolysaccharide results in the secretion of relatively high levels of catfish high and low molecular weight species of interleukin-1 active on channel catfish and mouse T cells, respectively. Second, these cell lines are efficient antigen-presenting cells to autologous peripheral blood leukocytes for antigen specific in vitro proliferative and antibody responses. This antigen-presenting function is blocked by inhibitors known to prevent antigen processing and presentation by mammalian monocytes. Allogeneic mixtures of cell line (used as antigen-presenting cells) and responding peripheral blood leukocytes, however, resulted in strong mixed leukocyte reaction but not in specific antibody responses. The availability of such cell lines should facilitate further studies on accessory cell functions in fish immune responses.
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PMID:Spontaneous development of functionally active long-term monocytelike cell lines from channel catfish. 185 53

Peritoneal macrophages from BALB/c mice after treatment for 24 h in vitro with cisplatin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or mitomycin-C were rendered significantly cytotoxic against L-929 tumor target cells. In a similar experiment none of these agents could induce tumoricidal activity of fresh non-adherent bone marrow cells (NABMC). NABMC when incubated in medium alone or in medium containing L-929 culture medium (L-929 CM), a form of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), for three days matured to macrophages which were positive for non-specific esterase staining. These bone marrow-derived macrophages cultured with medium alone did not respond to cisplatin. LPS or mitomycin-C for induction of tumoricidal activity whereas bone marrow derived macrophages with that were incubated with L-929 CM showed also significantly enhanced cytotoxicity after treatment with cisplatin, LPS and mitomycin-C. Culturing of NABMC with L-929 CM significantly enhanced cell survival as compared to the cells incubated in medium alone. These results suggest that bone marrow cells not only mature in L-929 CM but also are primed by L-929 CM for induction of tumoricidal activity.
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PMID:In vitro activation of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages with cisplatin and mitomycin-C. 190 38

This study reports on the earliest stages of mononuclear phagocyte differentiation. A crucial question in this developmental process is whether mature macrophage (M phi) heterogeneity is already appointed at the precursor cell level. For this purpose, we produced clonal populations of mononuclear phagocytes from bone marrow culture by somatic cell hybridization with two hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine-sensitive myeloid cell lines. A panel of 22 stable hybrids was obtained from these fusions. Differentiation stage analysis of the hybrids indicated that all cell lines had immature mononuclear phagocyte characteristics. The hybrids exhibited typical myeloid morphology and mainly nonadherent growth. Mature M phi features, such as expression of the cell surface antigens Mac-1, Mac-2 and F4/80, phagocytosis of latex beads, and expression of nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase activity, were virtually absent. The immature M phi markers Thy-1, MIV25 and MIV52, on the other hand, were readily expressed, although heterogeneity was observed among different hybrid cell lines. We then analyzed the differentiation potential of seven hybrids by culture of the cells in the presence of post-lipopolysaccharide serum supplemented with interferon-gamma and found that the expression of mature M phi characteristics was induced. However, the various hybrids showed divergent patterns of mature M phi marker induction. R0C2 cells, for instance, showed extensive morphological and phenotypical differentiation without concomitant induction of phagocytosis. In contrast, W1C4 cells showed significant induction of phagocytosis without simultaneous increase of phosphatase and esterase activity. R1C1 cells were unique in the strong induction of Ia antigen expression. Together, our data indicate that (a) early M phi differentiation stages can be rescued by somatic cell hybridization, and that (b) the obtained cell lines are able to mature according to divergent differentiation programs.
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PMID:Murine macrophage precursor characterization. I. Production, phenotype and differentiation of macrophage precursor hybrids. 196 90

An epidemic of a malignant neoplasm occurs in northern pike, Esox lucius L., from the Aland Islands of Finland. The neoplasm is morphologically similar to other pike hemic tumors reported in other areas of the world. Pike normal tissues showed evolutionary conservation with the mammalian intermediate filament proteins cytokeratin, desmin, vimentin, neurofilament protein, and glial fibrillary acidic protein; tumor cells are positive for vimentin, suggesting that the neoplasm is of mesenchymal origin. Hemic tissue mononuclear cells undergo polyclonal stimulation by the known mammalian T- and B-lymphocyte mitogens phytohemagglutinin P, concanavalin A, tuberculin-purified protein derivative, and lipopolysaccharide W; pike tumor cells are nonreactive. Pike normal hemic tissue mononuclear cells are variously positive for surface and cytoplasmic immunoglobulins, using rabbit anti-pike immunoglobulin M and cross-reactive mouse anti-carp immunoglobulin M antibodies; tumor cells, however, are not positive. The tumor cells were also diffusely stained with sodium fluoride-sensitive nonspecific esterase. The foregoing suggest that the neoplasm is not of B-lymphocytic or plasmacytic derivation, while the T-lymphocytic as opposed to monocytic derivation cannot be excluded on the basis of marker studies. The ultrastructural studies, however, suggest a neoplasm of histiomonocytic derivation, while the absence of sinusoidal infiltration of tumor cells to head kidney, spleen, liver, or peripheral blood suggests that it is a piscine analogue of human true histiocytic lymphoma. Population dynamics studies indicate that the neoplasm affects primarily sexually mature males 5 to 6 yr of age, but does not at present appear to be a major factor affecting Aland pike populations.
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PMID:Immunological and ultrastructural characterization of true histiocytic lymphoma in the northern pike, Esox lucius L. 220 40

The peritoneal macrophages from normal Lewis rats were characterized by their capacity to phagocytose, by the presence of nonspecific esterase and Fc receptors. In vitro, these macrophages were maintained in culture 7 and/or 21 days, respectively, and for the last 24 h (activation period) were cultured with 0.1-4.0 micrograms/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and were found tumoricidal against different rat fibrosarcomas, at a ratio of 50:1 (BP6-Tu2, MC-1 and B77). Macrophage-mediated tumor cytolysis was determined using 51Cr-release assay. The sensitivity of used tumors to macrophage-mediated cyto-toxicity was different. In vivo the transfer of the activated macrophages together with the mentioned tumor cells to rats inhibited the growth of tumors. The adoptive transfer of macrophages activated with "activators" might lead to a new kind of immunotherapy of neoplastic diseases.
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PMID:In vitro activation of tumoricidal properties of rat peritoneal macrophages using lipopolysaccharide. 223 2

Macrophages consume cystine and generate approximately equivalent amounts of acid-soluble thiol. Stimulation of macrophages with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF) strongly augments the amount of thiol released into the culture supernatant. Cysteine constitutes most of the acid-soluble thiol. The intracellular glutathione level and the DNA synthesis activity in mitogenically stimulated lymphocytes are strongly increased by either exogenously added cysteine, or (syngeneic) macrophages. This cysteine dependency is observed even in the presence of relatively high extracellular cystine concentration as they occur in the blood plasma. The extracellular cysteine concentration also has a strong influence on the intracellular glutathione concentration, viability, and DNA synthesis of cycling T cell clones. Moreover, the cysteine concentration in the culture medium on Day 3 and Day 4 of a 5-day allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture (i.e., in the late phase of incubation) has a strong influence on the generation of cytotoxic T cell activity, indicating that regulatory effects of cysteine are not restricted to the early phase of the blastogenic response. The inhibitory effect of cysteine starvation on the DNA synthesis of the T cell clones and on the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be explained essentially by the depletion of intracellular glutathione, since similar effects are observed after treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), a specific inhibitor of the glutathione biosynthesis. BSO has practically no influence, however, on the N alpha-benzyloxycarbonyl Ne-t-butyloxycarbonyl-L-lysine-thiobenzyl-ester (BLT)-esterase activity and hemolytic activity of the cell lysates from cytotoxic T cells against sheep red blood cells (perforin activity). Taken together, our experiments indicate that cysteine has a regulatory role in the immune system analogous to the hormone-like lymphokines and cytokines. It is released by macrophages at a variable and regulated rate and regulates immunologically relevant functions of lymphocytes in the vicinity.
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PMID:Macrophages regulate intracellular glutathione levels of lymphocytes. Evidence for an immunoregulatory role of cysteine. 236 41

Interferon (IFN)-induced tryptophan degradation, catalyzed by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), has been shown to mediate antimicrobial activity in epithelial cells. IDO activity has also been augmented in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) treated with IFN or interleukin-2 (IL-2). The effector cells in this population have now been further characterized. PBMCs were isolated from normal donors, separated into monocyte and lymphocyte populations by plastic adherence, treated with IFN or IL-2, and cultivated in medium supplemented with [3H]tryptophan. Culture supernatants were collected after a 48-h incubation and fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography; radioactivity was determined in fractions corresponding to tryptophan and its metabolites. IFN-gamma and IFN-beta induced IDO activity only in monocytes (plastic-adherent, nonspecific esterase-positive PBMCs). The induction of IDO activity by IL-2 required both monocytes and lymphocytes. Interaction was required between these populations for induction of IDO by IL-2, due to production of IFN-gamma by T lymphocytes, with subsequent IFN-gamma-mediated induction of IDO in monocytes. A number of myeloid cell lines as well as monocyte-derived macrophages were also tested for their ability to be induced to degrade tryptophan in response to IFN treatment. Monocyte-derived macrophages were found to retain their capacity to be induced by IFN-gamma and IFN-beta to degrade tryptophan after differentiation, and to possess seven times more IDO activity per cell than IFN-induced monocytes. However, the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the culture medium was required for the maximum induction of IDO activity by IFN-beta. Furthermore, higher concentrations of LPS were sufficient to induce IDO activity in macrophages in the absence of exogenous IFN.
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PMID:Interferon-induced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase activity in human mononuclear phagocytes. 246 22

BCG-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages were separated into three subpopulations by counterflow centrifugal elutriation. The three subpopulations were characterized on the basis of the level of a protein cross-linking enzyme, tissue transglutaminase. Subpopulation-3 consisted of large cells (greater than 95% esterase positive and greater than 90% viable) and had at least a fivefold higher transglutaminase activity (35 +/- 6 nmol/hr/mg) as compared to macrophages in subpopulation-1 (6 +/- 2 nmol/hr/mg) and at least a threefold higher enzyme activity as compared to subpopulation-2 (11 +/- 2 nmol/hr/mg). Subpopulation-3 also showed sevenfold higher phagocytosis of IgG-coated sheep red blood cells. The three subpopulations showed no difference in their ability to kill Listeria monocytogenes as determined by [3H]-thymidine release. Subpopulations-2 and -3 caused 90% inhibition of murine adenocarcinoma (EMT-6) tumor cell growth in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide. Subpopulation-1 had a poor ability to inhibit EMT-6 cell growth (29 +/- 12%). However, in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, this activity increased by at least threefold (92 +/- 7%). The three subpopulations showed no significant difference in their cytolytic activity against murine mastocytoma (P815) target cells in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide. These results suggest that tissue transglutaminase may have no significant role in bactericidal, tumoricidal, or tumoristatic function of macrophages; however, it might have some role in promoting the Fc-receptor-mediated phagocytic function of the macrophages.
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PMID:Transglutaminase levels and immunologic functions of BCG-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages isolated by centrifugal elutriation. 256 58

Nonadherent cells of the bone marrow of C3H/HeN mice were incubated for 3 days with the culture supernatant of an L-929 cell line containing macrophage-colony-stimulating factor. Approximately, 70% of the cells became phagocytic, adherent to plastic dishes and positive for nonspecific esterase staining. The adherent cells exhibited a weak tumoricidal activity against syngeneic mammary carcinoma cells, and the cytotoxicity was strongly augmented by the addition of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to the cytotoxicity assay. The cytotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide was also shown to be mediated by Thy1.2- and asialo-GM1+ cells, and was abrogated by the addition of carrageenan. Macrophage-colony-stimulating-factor-producing (D66) and nonproducing (A23) variants were separated from the MM48 tumor line in in vitro culture following limiting dilution. There was no difference between these two variants in either the in vitro growth rate or the susceptibility to macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. C3H/HeN mice inoculated i.p. with D66 survived longer than did those inoculated i.p. with A23. C3H/HeN mice bearing D66 or A23 as an ascitic form were given i.p. injections of Nocardia rubra cell wall skeleton (N-CWS). N-CWS significantly prolonged the survival period of mice bearing D66, whereas it exhibited no apparent antitumor effect on mice bearing A23. The increase in the cell number of D66 in the peritoneal cavity was significantly retarded, compared with that of A23. In contrast, the number of peritoneal macrophages increased more in D66-bearing mice than in A23-bearing mice. The increase in the peritoneal macrophage number was further augmented by an i.p. injection of N-CWS. Peritoneal macrophages of D66-bearing mice exhibited apparent tumoricidal activity against MM48 tumor cells in the presence of lipopolysaccharide, and the cytotoxicity was significantly augmented by i.p. injection of N-CWS. On the other hand, the responsiveness of peritoneal macrophages to lipopolysaccharide was found to be poor in A23-bearing mice and the tumoricidal activity was only weakly augmented by N-CWS. These results strongly suggest that M-CSF plays an important role not only in the maturation of macrophage progenitors but also in the induction and the accumulation of activated macrophages.
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PMID:Induction of tumoricidal macrophages from bone marrow cells of normal mice or mice bearing a colony-stimulating-factor-producing tumor. 264 51


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