Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The cellular immune responses of Balb/c mice and Wistar rats immunized in hind footpads with intact killed Bordetella pertussis were found to differ from those of similar animals immunized with other bacteria including Bordetella bronchiseptica, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. All the bacteria stimulated increases in cell number, proliferation and interleukin 2 (IL-2) production in popliteal lymph nodes which peaked 3-5 days after injection and decreased to resting levels by day 7. However, B. pertussis also caused a second peak in all three parameters at 11 days after immunization. This peak was not seen following injection with any of the other bacteria. Bordetella pertussis also caused systemic effects, increased cellular proliferation in bone marrow and thymus, with similar biphasic kinetics. It possesses a potent toxin, distinguishing it from the closely related B. bronchiseptica. The use of purified materials confirmed that the presence of this pertussis toxin (PT) was responsible for the later peak in stimulation, whereas lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in combination with PT and also the filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA) could mimic the early peak of stimulation. Primary immunization with B. pertussis was also shown to generate lymph node cells which responded in vitro to secondary challenge with B. pertussis cells, FHA or PT. Both proliferation and IL-2 production were enhanced, except with FHA which only increased IL-2 production. Lymph node cells from mice immunized with E. coli showed no such responses.
 ...
PMID:The primary and secondary cellular immune responses to whole cell Bordetella pertussis vaccine and its components. 349 69

Activation of T cells requires three signals from an antigen-presenting cell: antigen, Ia determinants (HLA-D region determinants in man), and interleukin 1 (IL-1). Recent evidence has suggested that macrophages, dendritic cells, epidermal Langerhan's cells, and endothelial cells can each function as antigen-presenting cells (APC). If these cell types can independently function as APC, they should synthesize Ia determinants and secrete IL-1. To determine if endothelial cells fulfill these requirements, we have propagated human umbilical vein endothelial cells by serial subculture for extended periods of time and assessed Ia expression and IL-1 secretion. The endothelial cells were subcultured for 8 months (approximately 20 subcultures) and were found to display classic morphology and immunofluorescent staining for the endothelial cell-specific marker Factor VIII-related antigen. In a separate paper we have shown that these subcultured endothelial cells can present antigen to T cells in a HLA-D region-restricted fashion (C. R. Wagner, R. M. Vetto, and D. R. Burger, Subcultured human endothelial cells can independently function as fully competent antigen-presenting cells, accepted for publication, Hum. Immunol.). In this paper we present evidence demonstrating that extensively subcultured endothelial cells biosynthesize both HLA-DR and HLA-DS molecules after exposure to T cells and antigen or to a supernatant from antigen-activated T cells. Evidence is also presented that when endothelial cells are cultured in the presence of lipopolysaccharide they secrete a molecule(s) with IL-1 activity as assayed by LBRM-33-IA5 cell line production of interleukin 2.
 ...
PMID:Expression of I-region-associated antigen (Ia) and interleukin 1 by subcultured human endothelial cells. 387 91

Estramustine, a nitrogen mustard derivative of estradiol-17 beta widely used for treatment of prostatic cancer, was found to inhibit the proliferative response of mouse lymphocytes to T (concanavalin A) and B (lipopolysaccharide) cell mitogens in vitro. Concanavalin A-induced lymphoproliferation was considerably more sensitive to the antiproliferative effect of estramustine than lipopolysaccharide-stimulated proliferation. The concentration of estramustine selectively inhibiting T lymphocyte proliferation was only active when present during the first 24 h of culture and could be overcome by exogenously added interleukin 2. Estramustine was shown to directly inhibit the production of interleukin 2 in concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocyte cultures without affecting the expression of interleukin 2 receptors. Thus the preferential inhibitory effect of estramustine on mitogen-induced T lymphocyte activation is apparently mediated by interference with the production or release of interleukin 2.
 ...
PMID:Inhibition of T lymphocyte activation by estramustine: dose-dependent interference with IL-2 production and later proliferation events. 387 48

Murine B cell mitogens such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), butanol-extracted water soluble adjuvant (Bu-WSA), dextran sulfate (DS), synthetic muramyl dipeptide (MDP), and its analog MDP-Lys (L18) do not show any mitogenic ability in vitro on human peripheral blood lymphocytes or mixed cell populations of purified T and B cells obtained from the lymphocytes in an ordinary culture system. However, these mitogens are capable of enhancing the mitogenic effect of concanavalin A (Con A) in the cultures. In the presence of one of these mitogens, the activity of interleukin 2 (IL 2), but not interleukin 1, in the supernatants obtained from cultures containing Con A-stimulated T cell and B cell populations was higher than that of control cultures. The role of the newly produced IL 2 in the synergistic effect of the mitogens in human lymphocyte cell cultures was discussed.
 ...
PMID:Role of interleukin 2 on enhancement of concanavalin A-induced human peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation by murine B cell mitogens. 387 80

The monoclonal antibodies (mAb) DA6.147, DA6.164, and HIG.48 against human Ia antigens, but not the W6/32 mAb against human class I major histocompatibility complex antigens or the anti-monocyte OKM1 and 63D3 mAb, stimulated monocytes to secrete interleukin 1 (IL-1). IL-1 was measured by its property of promoting the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2) by phytohemagglutinin-treated LBRM-33 clone 1A5 cells. IL-1 activity induced by anti-Ia antibodies could be detected 24 hr after initiation of the cultures and reached its highest levels at days 3-4 of culture. Concentrations of 1 microgram/ml or higher of the anti-Ia antibodies induced monocytes to secrete significant levels of IL-1 activity. The anti-Ia mAb induced Ia-bearing but not Ia-negative monocytes to secrete IL-1. Both Ia-positive and Ia-negative monocytes produced IL-1 activity under the stimulus of lipopolysaccharide. It is concluded that the DA6.147, DA6.164, and HIG.48 mAb stimulate secretion of IL-1 by interacting Ia antigens on monocytes. The data support the view that besides serving as restricting elements for recognition of foreign antigens by T cells, Ia antigens may also function as transducer elements.
 ...
PMID:Monoclonal antibodies against human Ia antigens stimulate monocytes to secrete interleukin 1. 387 60

The effect of a 14-day treatment with low doses of O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate (OOS-TMP), an impurity in technical malathion, on the generation of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses was examined in female C57B1/6 mice. At a dose of 0.5 mg/kg/day OOS-TMP, the generation of antibody-secreting cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), and proliferative responses to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were elevated. In contrast, the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response to alloantigen was unchanged. At 5.0 mg/kg/day OOS-TMP, both the CTL and specific antibody response were unchanged, but all other immune parameters examined were elevated. Data from cell separation and reconstitution experiments indicated that both macrophages and B cells were affected by this treatment regime. These data suggest that long-term exposure to low amounts of OOS-TMP may enhance the ability of an animal to generate an immune response.
 ...
PMID:Effects of subchronic treatment with O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate on cellular and humoral immune response systems. 387 52

Administration of recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2) resulted in a significant (p less than 0.01) decrease in mortality in mice infected with a dose of Toxoplasma gondii that killed 100% of untreated mice. Mice treated with rIL 2 had a significantly (less than 0.005) lower numbers of cysts in the brains. The protection afforded by rIL 2 could not be correlated with increased antibody synthesis or be explained by increased macrophage killing in the treated mice. Mice treated with rIL 2 after Toxoplasma infection demonstrated increased natural killer (NK) cell activity compared with either Toxoplasma-infected or rIL 2-treated mice. rIL 2 failed to reverse the suppressed proliferative response of lymphocytes to concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide in mice acutely infected with a virulent strain of T. gondii. These results reveal that rIL 2 may have a remarkably protective effect against intracellular parasites.
 ...
PMID:In vivo recombinant interleukin 2 administration enhances survival against a lethal challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. 387 64

Peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (cells of marrow donor origin) from 89 patients were collected at various times after allogeneic marrow transplantation, stimulated in vitro by phytohemagglutinin, and assayed for the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2). This was done by testing culture supernatants for their ability to induce proliferation of human lymphoblasts and/or IL-2-dependent cultured murine cytotoxic cells. Supernatants from cultures of patient cells were compared with those of marrow donor cells. Supernatants produced by cells from most short-term marrow recipients (30-101 days postgrafting), regardless of the presence or absence of acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and those from most long-term patients with chronic GVHD (103-1932 days postgrafting) had significantly lower-than-normal IL-2 activity, whereas cells from most long-term marrow recipients without GVHD (353-1934 days postgrafting) had essentially normal IL-2 activity. Additionally, we tested the ability of monocytes from 35 marrow recipients to produce interleukin 1 (IL-1) in response to lipopolysaccharide as compared with monocytes from marrow donors or normal unrelated individuals. IL-1 activity in culture supernatants of patient cells, regardless of the time of testing after marrow grafting and the status of GVHD, was found not to differ from that in supernatants of normal cells. These findings suggest that impaired T cell functions seen in some (but not all) marrow recipients are probably not due to IL-1 but to IL-2 deficiency or to the mechanism that causes IL-2 deficiency.
 ...
PMID:Cellular interactions in marrow-grafted patients. III. Normal interleukin 1 and defective interleukin 2 production in short-term patients and in those with chronic graft-versus-host disease. 388 Sep 62

The effects of a preparation containing partially purified, EL4-derived B cell growth factor(s) (BCGF) on B cell growth and proliferation have been examined by using B lymphocyte subpopulations separated on the basis of size. BCGF was found to maintain and enhance proliferation of a significant proportion of large activated B cells. In contrast, small resting B cells required the presence of BCGF and a second stimulus such as anti-IgM antibody (anti-mu) to be induced to proliferate. This disparity was not due to a lack of an effect of BCGF on small resting B cells. A factor contained within the partially purified EL4 supernatant produced time-dependent increases in cell size and RNA content in all subpopulations. These effects were independent of possible effects due to contaminating lymphokines such as interleukin 2 (IL 2), concanavalin A (Con A), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Nonmitogenic doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) failed to show similar effects. Our data suggest that B cells at all levels of in vivo activation are responsive to stimulation by a growth factor present in EL4 supernatant, as manifested by cell growth and RNA synthesis. This activity has not previously been described for BCGF preparations. However, because the partially purified, EL4-derived supernatant used as BCGF in these studies has not been purified to homogeneity, we cannot conclude whether the factors that induce resting B cells to increase in size are the same as the growth factors that synergize with anti-mu to induce B cell proliferation or that maintain the proliferation of activated B cells.
 ...
PMID:T cell-derived B cell growth factor(s) can induce stimulation of both resting and activated B cells. 391 79

To investigate the mechanisms that regulate the action of interleukin 2 (IL 2) and possibly limit its activity, we screened supernatants of mouse spleen cell cultures which had been stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) for their ability to inhibit IL 2-mediated proliferation of a cloned IL 2-dependent line. Inhibitory activities with m.w. of 10,000 to 12,000 and 60,000 to 80,000 daltons could be identified in supernatants of both L3T4+ and Ly-2+ T cells, but not in supernatants of Con A or lipopolysaccharide-stimulated B cells. Maximal inhibitory activity was observed after 3 to 4 days of stimulation, and this inhibitory activity could be overcome by increasing the stimulatory concentration of IL 2. When the factor was further purified by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography, it eluted as a single peak with an m.w. of 11,000 to 12,000 daltons which inhibited IL 2- but not IL 3-dependent proliferation. The mechanisms by which this new lymphokine might play in the control of the clonal expansion of T lymphocytes are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Characterization and partial purification of a specific interleukin 2 inhibitor. 392 86


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>