UNIPROT:P43026 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Metallothionein-1 (MT-1) cDNA clones were isolated from a common carp (Cyprinus carpio) uninduced hepatopancreas cDNA library. Northern blot assay using the common carp (cc) MT-1 cDNA as a probe showed high fold induction of ccMT mRNA levels in the intestine and kidney following exposure to Cd2+ and Zn2+. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), primers designed from the cDNA sequences allowed the isolation of ccMT-1 gene fragments including the 5'-flanking region. The 600 bp 5'-flanking region of ccMT-1 gene carries four putative metal regulatory regions, one AP1, two SP1, one c-Jun site, and a TATA box. The 5'-flanking region of the ccMT-1 gene obtained was a functional promoter responding to the administration of various metal ions as well as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). When tested in primary cultures of cc hepatocytes, Zn2+ had the highest fold (20 times) induction of the 600 bp cloned ccMT-1 gene promoter, followed by Cu2+, Hg2+, Ni2+ and Pb2+ (4-5-fold inductions); H2O2 and LPS had a 6-7-fold induction. In conclusion, the ccMT-1 is a constitutively expressed MT and its gene promoter is inducible by various metal ions and chemical agents.
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PMID:Common carp metallothionein-1 gene: cDNA cloning, gene structure and expression studies. 1474 11

This study was carried out to elucidate whether the protective activity of (-)-epicatechin 3-O-gallate (ECg) against excessive peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) production, is distinct from the activity of several well-known free radical inhibitors, the ONOO(-) inhibitors ebselen and uric acid, the superoxide anion (O(2)(-)) scavenger copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD) and the selective inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-N(6)-(1-iminoethyl)lysine hydrochloride (L-NIL). To generate ONOO(-), male Wistar rats (n = 6/group) were subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion process together with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Although ECg did not scavenge the ONOO(-) precursors nitric oxide (NO) and O(2)(-), it reduced the 3-nitrotyrosine level, a property similar to that of uric acid, but distinct from L-NIL. In addition, the elevation in myeloperoxidase activity was reversed by the administration of ECg, uric acid and SOD, but not by that of L-NIL. Furthermore, ECg was the more potent scavenger of the ONOO(-) decomposition product, the hydroxyl radical (*OH), than any other free radical inhibitor tested. The LPS plus ischaemia-reperfusion process resulted in renal dysfunction, estimated by measuring the parameters of renal function--serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. However, administration of ECg ameliorated renal dysfunction more than that of the other free radical inhibitors. Moreover, ECg reduced the excessive uric acid level, while the others did not, suggesting a property of ECg distinct from the others. Furthermore, proteinuria, which was demonstrated by the low- and high-molecular weight (LMW and HMW) protein bands of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis pattern, caused by LPS plus ischaemia-reperfusion, was attenuated by administration of ECg and L-NIL, after which the HMW band intensities decreased and LMW protein bands were absent. This study indicates that, in an in-vivo model of ONOO(-) generation, ECg, L-NIL and uric acid exert stronger protective activity against ONOO(-)-induced oxidative damage than SOD and ebselen, and that the mechanism whereby ECg protects against ONOO(-) is distinct from that of L-NIL or uric acid.
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PMID:(-)-Epicatechin 3-O-gallate ameliorates the damages related to peroxynitrite production by mechanisms distinct from those of other free radical inhibitors. 1500 82

We studied the changes in water quality and formation of biofilms occurring in a pilot-scale water distribution system with two generally used pipe materials: copper and plastic (polyethylene, PE). The formation of biofilms with time was analysed as the number of total bacteria, heterotrophic plate counts and the concentration of ATP in biofilms. At the end of the experiment (after 308 days), microbial community structure, viable biomass and gram-negative bacterial biomass were analysed via lipid biomarkers (phospholipid fatty acids and lipopolysaccharide 3-hydroxy fatty acids), and the numbers of virus-like particles and total bacteria were enumerated by SYBR Green I staining. The formation of biofilm was slower in copper pipes than in the PE pipes, but after 200 days there was no difference in microbial numbers between the pipe materials. Copper ion led to lower microbial numbers in water during the first 200 days, but thereafter there were no differences between the two pipe materials. The number of virus-like particles was lower in biofilms and in outlet water from the copper pipes than PE pipes. Pipe material influenced also the microbial and gram-negative bacterial community structure in biofilms and water.
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PMID:Microbiology, chemistry and biofilm development in a pilot drinking water distribution system with copper and plastic pipes. 1535 Apr 29

This study investigates (by means of bioassays and ELISA using an antibody against recombinant cHH) the variation of cHH levels in the eyestalks and haemolymph of Palaemon elegans (Decapoda, Caridea) following exposure to various stresses (heavy metals and lipopolysaccharide), and correlates them with the variation in amount and time course of blood glucose. The dose-relationship between exposure to copper and quick release of cHH from the eyestalk into haemolymph was confirmed by variation of blood glucose with a dose-related hyperglycaemia, that peaked 2 h after immersion in contaminated seawater. Animals exposed to a sublethal concentration of mercury showed the same dose relation between toxicant, release of cHH from the eyestalk, increment of circulating hormone level and subsequent hyperglycaemia as observed for copper contamination. It is of note that although the highest lethal mercury concentration induced the release of cHH from the eyestalk into the haemolymph, it was not followed by a significant variation of blood glucose. Step doses of a bacterial contaminant [such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from E. coli injected into shrimps] confirmed the dose-relationship and convergent chain of events that bring about hyperglycaemia. These are the first data that relate the release of cHH from the eyestalk, the circulating hormone level and the consequent glycaemic response to stress. Moreover, they confirm the dose-related pathway that leads to variation of blood glucose as a quantitative biomarker of environmental quality, even at sublethal toxicant concentrations.
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PMID:Variation of crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (cHH) level in the eyestalk and haemolymph of the shrimp Palaemon elegans following stress. 1553 41

cDNA encoding prophenoloxidase (proPO) of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei was obtained from haemocytes by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and rapid amplification of cDNA using oligonucleotide primers based on the proPO sequence of tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus, green tiger shrimp Penaeus semisulcatus (accession no.: AF521949) and kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus (accession no.: AB0733223). proPO of L. vannamei was constitutively expressed. The 2471-bp cDNA contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2058 bp, a 96-bp 5'-untranslated region, and a 317-bp 3'-untranslated region containing the poly A tail. The molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence (686 amino acids) was 78.1 kDa with an estimated pI of 6.02. It contained putative copper binding sites, a complement-like motif (GCGWPQHM), a proteolytic activation site, and a conserved C-terminal region common to all known proPOs. However, no signal peptide sequence was detected in white shrimp proPO. Comparison of amino acid sequences showed that white shrimp proPO is more closely related to the proPO of another penaeid than to that of a freshwater crayfish. White shrimp proPO mRNA was synthesized in haemocytes and not in the hepatopancreas or muscle. The activation responses of the proPO of the white shrimp to an exogenous protease (trypsin), a detergent (sodium dodecyl sulphate), and algal and microbial cell wall components (laminarin, sodium alginate, zymosan, and lipopolysaccharide), and its susceptibility to protease inhibitors in vitro resemble the proPO activation system of other crustaceans. These facts suggest that the proPO system in haemocytes of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei serves an important function in non-self recognition and host immune reactions.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and characterisation of prophenoloxidase from haemocytes of the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. 1568 18

Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is essential in atherogenesis. Oxidized lipids regulate MCP-1 expression and release from mononuclear cells. In this study we investigated (1) whether statin therapy reduces lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated MCP-1 production in human whole-blood samples and (2) the relationships between in vitro low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation and MCP-1 production. Fasting blood samples were obtained from 55 healthy nonsmoking adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia who were participating in a randomized double-blind 8-week trial comparing the effects of statin therapy with those of placebo on cytokine production. Samples were analyzed for resistance to copper-mediated LDL oxidation (lag time in minutes), as well as MCP-1- and interleukin-8 (IL-8)-stimulated production. Statin therapy reduced MCP-1 production (mean +/- SD) -161 +/- 399 pg/mL/mm 3 white cells) compared with 267 +/- 985 pg/mL/mm 3 in the placebo group, but changes were not different between active and placebo groups ( P = .13). Statin therapy also increased lag times (median [interquartile range]; 20.5 [7.0-51.2] minutes vs -17.0 [-5.3-16.5] minutes; P = .067 for group difference). Inhibition of MCP-1 production correlated with prolongation of lag time ( r = .46, P = .0056) in statin-treated subjects. Statin therapy reduced MCP-1 production in the whole blood of human subjects and these changes were correlated with improvement in LDL oxidative resistance.
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PMID:Association between reduced low density lipoprotein oxidation and inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in statin-treated subjects. 1574 50

Human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) or vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) is a copper-containing amine oxidase (AOC3, EC 1.4.3.6) that has both enzymatic and adhesive function. SSAO catalyzes the oxidative deamination of primary amines, resulting in the formation of the corresponding aldehyde and release of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia. Membrane-bound SSAO is an inflammation-inducible endothelial cell adhesion molecule that mediates the interaction between leukocytes and activated endothelial cells in inflamed vessels. Both the direct adhesive and enzymatic functions seem to be involved in the adhesion cascade. LJP 1207 [N'-(2-phenyl-allyl)-hydrazine hydrochloride] is a potent (human SSAO IC(50) = 17 nM), selective, and orally available SSAO inhibitor that blocks both the enzymatic and adhesion functions of SSAO/VAP-1. In a mouse model of ulcerative colitis, LJP 1207 significantly reduces mortality, loss of body weight, and colonic cytokine levels. Quantitative histopathological assessment of colitis activity in this model showed a highly significant suppression of inflammation, injury, and ulceration scores in the animals treated with the SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitor. LJP 1207 also reduced serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged mice and prolonged survival post-LPS-induced endotoxemia. Therapeutic and prophylactic administration of LJP 1207 in the rat carrageenan footpad model also markedly inhibited swelling and inflammation. Overall, the data suggest that small molecule SSAO/VAP-1 inhibitors may provide clinical benefit in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases.
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PMID:Anti-inflammatory effects of inhibiting the amine oxidase activity of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase. 1608 81

Cytotoxici and alpha-diisoeugenol were investigated. The cytotoxicity of curcumin and a-diisoeugenol against human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60 cells) and human submandibular cancer cells (HSG cells) was similar (CC50 1-3 microM). However, curcumin induced much more apoptosis, particularly in HL-60 cells compared with HSG cells, as revealed by measurement of the sub-G1/G0 DNA fraction in flow cytometric histograms. Treatment with 15 microM curcumin increased the number of cells with a sub-G1/G0 DNA fraction from control levels of <5% to 55% in HL-60 cells and 30% in HSG cells. Flow cytometry, after staining with annexin V-FITC/PI (the exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the surface of apoptotic cells), showed a dose-dependent induction of early apoptosis by curcumin, which reached about 65% in HL-60 cells and about 20% in HSG cells after treatment with 10 microM curcumin. In contrast, alpha-diisoeugenol failed to induce apoptosis in either cell type. For both cell types, the proportion of late apoptotic/necrotic cells increased rapidly at concentrations of curcumin and a-diisoeugenol greater than 10 microM. The generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in curcumin-treated HL-60 cells was greater than that in HSG cells, as judged by CDFH-DA staining. In both cell types, ROS generation by a-diisoeugenol was at control levels. ROS generation by curcumin was suppressed by antioxidants such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) and by scavengers of hydroxy radicals such as mannitol, but, conversely, was promoted by prooxidants such as the transition metal ions Cu(II) and Zn(II). ROS generation may play a part in the exposure of PS. Curcumin, but not a-diisoeugenol, at 10 microM inhibited LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced COX-2 gene expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Semiempirical PM 3 calculations suggested that this activity of curcumin, in which it behaves as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-like compound, is dependent on its phenolic function, which is more pronounced than that of alpha-diisoeugenol. Taken together, our results suggest that the bioactivity of curcumin is a result of its ability to act as both a prooxidant and an antioxidant.
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PMID:Induction of cytotoxicity and apoptosis and inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 gene expression, by curcumin and its analog, alpha-diisoeugenol. 1630 95

Net acid-generating capacities of 39.74 kg of H(2)SO(4) per ton (ca. 0.05 kg/kg) (pH 2.68) for the Lemoine copper mine tailings (closed ca. 8 years ago; located 40 km west of Chibougamau, Quebec, Canada) and 16.07 kg of H(2)SO(4) per ton (ca. 0.02 kg/kg) (pH 3.01) for the Copper Rand tailings (in current use and 50 km distant [east] from those of Lemoine) demonstrate that these sulfide tailings can support populations of acidophilic thiobacilli. Oxidized regions in both tailings environments were readily visible, were extremely acidic (Lemoine, pH 2.36; Copper Rand, pH 3.07), and provided natural isolates for our study. A 10% (wt/vol) oxalic acid treatment, which solubilizes both ferric sulfate and ferric hydroxide precipitates (B. Ramsay, J. Ramsay, M. deTremblay, and C. Chavarie, Geomicrobiol. J. 6:171-177, 1988), enabled the recovery of intact bacterial cells from the tailings material and from liquid synthetic medium for lipopolysaccharide analysis. No viable cells could be cultured after this oxalic acid treatment. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electro-phoretic profiles of lipopolysaccharides extracted from the Lemoine tailings were complex, indicating a heterogeneous population of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Six T. ferrooxidans subspecies as identified by lipopolysaccharide analysis (i.e., lipopolysaccharide chemotypes) were eventually isolated from a total of 112 cultures from the Lemoine tailings. Using the same isolate and lipopolysaccharide typing techniques, we identified only a single lipopolysaccharide chemotype from 20 cultures of T. ferrooxidans isolated from the Copper Rand tailings. This homogeneity of lipopolysaccharide chemotype was much different from what was found for the older Lemoine tailings and may reflect a progressive lipopolysaccharide heterogeneity of Thiobacillus isolates as tailings leach and age.
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PMID:Examination of Lipopolysaccharide (O-Antigen) Populations of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans from Two Mine Tailings. 1634 25

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator that is synthesized by constitutive and inducible isoforms of the enzyme NO synthase (eNOS and iNOS, respectively). The half-life of NO averages only 3 to 4 s in biological fluids, where it is rapidly converted to the stable oxidation products nitrite (NO2-) and nitrate (NO3-). Our objectives were to use 2 commercial kits to measure total plasma NO, as NO2- + NO3-, and to assess plasma NO values during experimental protocols designed to influence NO accumulation in the plasma. One kit employed copper-coated cadmium as a catalyst for reducing NO3- to NO2-; the second kit employed the enzyme NO3- reductase for the same purpose. Both then employed Griess reagent for the colorimetric determination of NO2- as a measure of total plasma NO. Broilers in Experiment 1 were infused i.v. with solutions containing increasing concentrations of sodium NO2-. Broilers in Experiment 2 were injected with 1 mg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is known to stimulate iNOS activity. Both commercial kits successfully detected increases in total plasma NO attributable to ongoing i.v. NO2- infusion or to increased iNOS expression at 5 h after the LPS injection. In Experiment 3, we compared the total plasma NO responses to LPS in the presence and absence of aminoguanidine (AG), a selective inhibitor of iNOS. The AG significantly attenuated the LPS-mediated increase in total plasma NO at 5 h post-injection. In Experiment 4, broilers were infused with sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an exogenous NO donor molecule that previously had been shown to lower the pulmonary arterial pressure in broilers. The SNP infusion did substantially reduce the pulmonary arterial pressure, but an increase in total plasma NO was not detected during the SNP infusion. Overall, NO accumulation in the plasma was successfully detected after sustained infusion of NaNO2 and administration of LPS for 5 h, but biologically effective levels of NO released from SNP were not detected. Therefore, total plasma NO concentrations (assayed as NO2- + NO3-) qualitatively reflect whole-body NO synthesis, but biologically relevant quantities of NO may be produced at levels that cannot be detected by colorimetric assays.
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PMID:Evaluation of total plasma nitric oxide concentrations in broilers infused intravenously with sodium nitrite, lipopolysaccharide, aminoguanidine, and sodium nitroprusside. 1652 32

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