Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Disodium cromoglycate (DSCG) has been shown to inhibit the release of mediators from mast cells. In the present study, the effect of DSCG on active anaphylactic reaction was studied in mice. DSCG dose-dependently inhibited the active systemic anaphylactic reaction and serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E production induced by immunization with ovalbumin, Bordetella pertussis toxin and aluminum hydroxide gel. DSCG strongly inhibited IL-4-dependent IgE production by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine whole spleen cells. In the case of U266 human IgE-bearing B cells, DSCG also showed an inhibitory effect on the IgE production. These results suggest that DSCG has an anti-anaphylactic activity by inhibition of IgE production from B cells.
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PMID:Disodium cromoglycate inhibits production of immunoglobulin E. 1141 50

Inflammatory events have been associated with senile plaques, one of the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is believed that aggregated beta-amyloid (betaA) proteins, which form the core of these plaques, may be responsible for triggering the inflammatory reaction. In the present study, the ability of aluminum (Al) to initiate similar inflammatory events was investigated in a human glioblastoma cell line. A 6-day exposure to either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or aluminum sulfate caused a significant increase in the rate of proliferation of the glioblastoma cells. Both treatments also caused activation of the immune-responsive transcription factor NF-kappaB although there were time-related differences. The levels of secreted cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were both increased by the LPS treatment although exposure to Al decreased the secretion of the former while elevating the levels of the latter. These events may be due to the activation of glial cells and subsequent stress response to either Al complexes or LPS. Although exposure to either stress factor caused a stimulation of inflammatory markers, there were time-dependent differences in the response. This may reflect the ability of the cells to discern different stress factors and thus orchestrate an innate immune response profile distinct to each immunogen.
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PMID:Pro-inflammatory effects of aluminum in human glioblastoma cells. 1192 36

Numerous in vitro models have demonstrated the capacity of wear particles to stimulate the release of soluble pro-inflammatory products with the ability to induce local bone resorption. Recent observations have demonstrated that binding of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to particulate wear debris can significantly modulate the pattern of cell response in the in vitro models. These findings raise concerns over the possible role of LPS in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening after total joint replacements, and also indicates the importance of controlling for possible confounding effects of LPS contamination in the in vitro models used to study the reactive nature of wear debris. Our studies were undertaken to rigorously analyze the effects of particle-associated LPS on cell responses and to assess the efficacy of different treatment protocols to inactivate LPS associated with different particulate materials. Particles of cobalt-chrome alloy, titanium-6-aluminum-4-vanadium, titanium nitride and silica were pretreated with LPS and exposed to multiple treatment protocols. When cells were treated with "as-received" particles prepared by washing in ethanol, small amounts of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta. and IL-1alpha were detected. In contrast, all particle species pretreated with LPS produced marked increases in TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, and IL-1beta release, as well as upregulation of corresponding mRNA levels even after ethanol washing. Boiling the LPS-pretreated particles in 1% acetic acid or autoclaving and baking the particles also markedly reduced and in some instances abolished the effect of the LPS-pretreatment. This indicates that LPS binds to the surface of particles of diverse composition and that the bound LPS is biologically active. Treatment protocols to inactivate particle-associated LPS demonstrated significant differences in efficacy. When the most rigorous treatments were utilized, essentially all LPS activity could be eliminated. Particles treated with these methods retained some capacity to stimulate cytokine release, but activities were markedly reduced. These results provide further evidence indicating that LPS contamination of particulate materials can markedly enhance their biological activity. This potential confounding effect needs to be carefully monitored and controlled in the in vitro model systems used to evaluate wear particles. Furthermore, the presence of particle-associated endotoxin at the bone-implant interface in vivo could markedly enhance the adverse biological activity of particulate wear debris.
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PMID:The role of adsorbed endotoxin in particle-induced stimulation of cytokine release. 1216 58

The partially degraded lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia (LPSdegr) and the ornithine-containing lipids were purified from some bacteria. The substances were developed as complex lipid adjuvants, because they have weak toxicity and are able to activate the immune systems of the living body. After various toxoid antigens such as pertussis toxoid, diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid were mixed with the complex lipid adjuvants, the mixtures were administered to mice subcutaneously. Antitoxoid IgG antibody titers in the serum were measured several times over 3 months. The efficacy of the LPSdegr as adjuvant was almost as high as that of the ornithine-containing lipids, and it was almost equal to that of the aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (Alum), which is generally used as a vaccine adjuvant.
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PMID:The partially degraded lipopolysaccharide of Burkholderia cepacia and ornithine-containing lipids derived from some Gram-negative bacteria are useful complex lipid adjuvants. 1242 68

The etiology of neurodegenerative disorders is multifactorial and consists of an interaction between aging, environmental factors, and genetic predisposition. Neuronal cell loss in specific regions of the central nervous system and the resulting clinical symptoms are used to characterize different neurological syndromes. While the selectivity of neuronal cell death is not clearly understood, it is in part attributed to the physiological role and microenvironment of the impacted cells. In this review, innate immune responses in the central nervous system are described. Chronic upregulation of this pathway, orchestrated mainly by microglial cells, may jeopardize neuronal integrity through the prolonged production of toxic inflammatory mediators. Environmental exposures that further enhance the innate immune response may accelerate microglia-driven neurodegeneration. Environmental factors that can trigger inflammatory events in the central nervous system are lipopolysaccharide, aluminum, and particulate matter present in air pollution. These factors may enhance existing age-related inflammation in the central nervous system and thus accelerate neuronal toxicity.
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PMID:Inflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and environmental exposures. 1568 4

Potent liposomal PorA formulations containing various lipopolysaccharide (LPS) derivatives were developed. The following adjuvants were compared: the commonly used aluminum phosphate (AlPO(4)), and three LPS like adjuvants: monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL), lipopolysaccharide (galE LPS) and the less toxic LPS mutant lpxL1. The immunogenicity in mice was evaluated and compared with that against an outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccine. The IgG isotype distribution and bactericidal activity were determined. Furthermore, PorA specific proliferation of lymph node cells after immunization and restimulation in vitro was studied with selected formulations. Both AlPO(4) and MPL were unable to improve the functional immunogenicity (i.e. bactericidal response) of liposomal PorA. Besides, when these adjuvants were used, the percentage of responders in the groups did not reach 100%. This was also observed with non adjuvated PorA-liposomes or OMV. Of the adjuvants studied, only galE LPS and lpxL1 LPS were capable of increasing the immunogenicity and avoid non responsiveness against PorA-liposomes. Importantly, the adjuvant activity of lpxL1 LPS was accompanied by an improved PorA specific proliferation of lymph node cells and a concomitant increase in IL-2 production. In conclusion and considering its lower toxicity, lpxL1 LPS adjuvated liposomes are superior to other formulations tested.
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PMID:Well-defined and potent liposomal meningococcal B vaccines adjuvated with LPS derivatives. 1599 90

In this study, the haemolytic activities of Astragalus membranaceus saponins (AMS) and its adjuvant potentials on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against OVA were evaluated. We determined the haemolytic activity of AMS using 0.5% rabbit red blood cell. AMS showed a slight haemolytic effect, with its haemolytic percent being 0.66% at the concentration of 500 microg/ml. Furthermore, the adjuvant potentials of AMS at three dose levels on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were investigated. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing Alum (200 microg), QuilA (10 and 20 microg) or AMS (50, 100 or 200 microg) on Day 1 and 15. Two weeks later (Day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibodies in serum were measured. AMS significantly enhanced the Con A-, LPS-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA-immunized mice especially at a dose of 100 microg (P<0.05 or P<0.001). OVA-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody titers in serum were also significantly enhanced by AMS compared with OVA control group (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Moreover, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between enhancing effect of AMS and QuilA on the OVA-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice. In conclusion, the results suggest that AMS could be safely used as adjuvant with low or non-haemolytic effect.
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PMID:Haemolytic activities and adjuvant effect of Astragalus membranaceus saponins (AMS) on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. 1604 70

The rabbit pyrogen test and Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay have been used to detect endotoxins in vaccines, but interactions between the endotoxins and proteins or aluminum hydroxide can interfere with the results. Currently, the rabbit pyrogen test is used to detect endotoxin in hepatitis B (HB) vaccines even though the HB surface protein, the active ingredient, is over-expressed in and purified from eukaryotic cells which lack endotoxin. Therefore, we examined the possibility of replacing the animal tests with the more efficient LAL test. To this end, we determined whether the aluminum hydroxide in the HB vaccines affects the rabbit pyrogen test and the LAL assay. HB vaccines and HB protein solutions spiked with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produced almost the same dose-dependent temperature rise in rabbits, indicating that the aluminum hydroxide in the HB vaccine does not interfere with the pyrogenic response in rabbit. In contrast, a spike recovery study showed that aluminum hydroxide interfered with the LAL clot and kinetic assays; however, the LAL clot assay was effective at detecting endotoxin without loss of LAL activity after serial dilution of the samples. Furthermore, there was good correlation in the LAL clot assay between the amount of LPS added and the amount recovered. However, both turbidimetric and chromogenic kinetic assays displayed no correlation between the LPS amount added and recovered. Our results suggest that the LAL clot assay is sensitive and reliable when samples are properly prepared, and can be used to replace the rabbit pyrogen test for the detection of endotoxin in HB vaccines.
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PMID:Comparison of the rabbit pyrogen test and Limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) assay for endotoxin in hepatitis B vaccines and the effect of aluminum hydroxide. 1605 44

In this study, the haemolytic activities of Bupleurum chinense saponins (BCS) and its adjuvant potentials on the immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated. BCS showed a slight haemolytic effect, with its haemolytic percents being 3.32% and 1.19% at the concentrations of 500 and 250 microg/ml, respectively. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing aluminium hydroxide gel (Alum, 200 microg), QuilA (10 and 20 microg) or BCS (50, 100 or 200 microg) on Days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (Day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibodies in serum were measured. BCS significantly enhanced the Con A-, LPS-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA-immunized mice especially at a dose of 100 microg (P<0.05 or P<0.001). OVA-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were also significantly enhanced by BCS compared with OVA control group (P<0.01 or P<0.001). Moreover, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between enhancing effect of BCS and QuilA on the OVA-specific IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice. In conclusion, the results suggest that BCS could be safely used as adjuvant with low or non-haemolytic effect.
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PMID:Haemolytic activities and adjuvant effect of Bupleurum chinense saponins on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. 1621 70

In this study, the haemolytic activities of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins (GPS) and its adjuvant potential on the immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated. GPS showed a slight haemolytic effect, with its haemolytic activity being 10.20% and 4.90% at concentrations of 500 and 250 microg/mL, respectively. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing aluminium hydroxide gel (Alum, 200 microg), QuilA (10 and 20 microg) or GPS (50, 100 or 200 microg) on days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific antibodies in serum were measured. GPS significantly enhanced the Con A-, LPS- and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA-immunized mice, especially at a dose of 100 microg (p < 0.05 or p < 0.001). OVA-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibody levels in serum were also significantly enhanced by GPS compared with the OVA control group (p < 0.05, p < 0.01 or p < 0.001). In conclusion, the results suggest that GPS could be used safely as an adjuvant with low or no haemolytic effect.
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PMID:Haemolytic activities and adjuvant effect of Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. 1626 22


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