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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The immune response after vaginal application of antigens was investigated in six sexually mature female rhesus monkeys. Two model antigens, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) OF Salmonella typhosa and abortive type T-4 coliphages were applied with or without adjuvant. A plastic sponge used as the antigen carrier was introduced into the upper vagina and placed against the ectocervix. For primary immunization, each monkey received 18 vaginal antigen applications and 10 applications for each booster course. For comparison, three other female rhesus monkeys were immunized systemically. Alum or LPS was used as adjuvant. Blood was obtained two times and cervical mucus three times weekly from each monkey. Antibodies were only barely detectable in cervical mucus after the primary vaginal immunization. However, booster treatments resulted in definite antibody responses. Specific antibodies were also detected in the circulating blood after vaginal booster immunization. The antibody level in cervical secretion in three of four cases was higher than that in circulatin blood. Systemic immunization resulted in high levels of circulating antibodies, but less than 10% appeared in cervical secretions. A characteristic decrease in antibody levels in cervical mucus was usually observed at midcycle after local immunization as well as after systemic immunization. More than 90% of T-4 coliphages applied vaginally were absorbed within 48 hours. Although alum appeared to retard the absorption of antigens, it seemed to enhance the local response. More than 90% of the antibodies to the T-4 coliphages could be removed from the serum and cervial mucus by treatment with anti-immunoglobuin G antiserum. The lymphocyte response to antigens was studied by measuring the 3H-thymidine uptake by peripheral blood lymphocytes in culture. A positive response was observed in three of three systemically immunized and in only two of six locally immunized aminals. In general, the immune response was significantly weaker after local vaginal immunization than after systemic immunization.
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PMID:Immune response after vaginal application of antigens in the rhesus monkey. 11 25

In an attempt to establish if cross protection can be induced by different strains of Haemophilus parasuis, three groups of 12 gnotobiotic pigs were immunized each with an aluminum hydroxide adsorbed whole cell bacterin of one of three H. parasuis strains. Two weeks later, four pigs within each vaccinated group were challenged with aerosols of live cultures of each of the three test strains and observed for response. Two virulent strains V1 and V2 protected all the vaccinated pigs, while all nonvaccinated controls succumbed to Glasser's disease when challenged with these strains. Vaccination with strain LV (of low virulence) protected the pigs against challenge with strain V2, but not against strain V1. Strain LV did not cause disease in the immunized animals and only in one of ten nonimmunized pigs upon second challenge. The results suggest that strains may differ in antigenicity and that virulence and immunoprotection are positively related. Strains to be used in commercial vaccines should therefore be selected carefully. Antibodies detected in the sera of vaccinated pigs were to outer membrane proteins of the bacteria, but not to lipopolysaccharides or capsular polysaccharides. This would suggest that for gnotobiotic pigs outer membrane proteins are more immunogenic than lipopolysaccharide or capsular antigens. Further work is needed to determine if outer membrane proteins also contribute protective immunogens.
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PMID:Cross protection among Haemophilus parasuis strains in immunized gnotobiotic pigs. 188 82

A group B Neisseria meningitidis serotype protein vaccine was studied clinically in adults. The vaccine comprised lipopolysaccharide-depleted outer membrane vesicles from a serotype 2b strain, 3006-M2, noncovalently complexed with group B meningococcal polysaccharide. Volunteers received 25 micrograms each of protein and polysaccharide administered intramuscularly either in 0.9% NaCl or adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide on weeks 0 and 6. Most individuals experienced mild local reactions, but there were no systemic reactions. Both vaccine formulations stimulated antibodies to the outer membrane proteins of serotypes 2a:P1.2 and 2b:P1.2, but higher levels were achieved with the aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed vaccine after two immunizations. Vaccine-induced antibodies were primarily IgG and were bactericidal for both a serotype 2a and a serotype 2b strain. Induction of bactericidal antibodies has been shown to be a major predictor of protection against meningococcal disease.
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PMID:Antibody response of adults to an aluminum hydroxide-adsorbed Neisseria meningitidis serotype 2b protein-group B polysaccharide vaccine. 313 76

The present study was undertaken to compare the effects of two adjuvants, SGP (a starch-acrylamide polymer) and Quil A (purified saponin), with that of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3) on murine primary antibody responses to T-independent (TI) and T-dependent (TD) antigens. All three adjuvants augmented the responses to the TD antigens, dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (DNP-KLH), and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). SGP was the most potent adjuvant and increased the primary IgG response to DNP-KLH as much as 90-fold. Quil A and Al(OH)3 had comparable effects on the primary response to DNP-KLH, but Quil A was less effective than Al(OH)3 for augmenting the primary response to SRBC. Quil A and SGP both augmented the primary IgM and IgG responses to trinitrophenyl-lipopolysaccharide (TNP-LPS), TNP-Brucella (TI-1 antigens), and TNP-Ficoll (TI-2 antigens). Al(OH)3, like most commonly used adjuvants, had little or no effect on responses to TI antigens. The kinetics of the response to TNP-Ficoll was altered by SGP, since peak responses were maintained for at least 7 days, while the response to TNP-Ficoll alone peaked on Day 4 and had declined considerably by Day 7. Both SGP and Quil A could augment responses to both optimal and suboptimal doses of antigen. The adjuvant activity of SGP was diminished, but still effective, when smaller amounts of SGP were used with the immunizing antigen, and all three adjuvants were able to augment primary responses when given in separate injections from the antigen. These results demonstrate that SGP is a very effective adjuvant, and show that both Quil A and SGP have a unique ability to increase antibody responses to TI antigens, suggesting that their effects may be mediated at least partially through B cells.
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PMID:Immunopotentiating effects of the adjuvants SGP and Quil A. I. Antibody responses to T-dependent and T-independent antigens. 348 57

Adjuvants are required to elicit protective immune responses with bacterial toxoids, inactivated viruses and subunit antigens produced by recombinant DNA technology. Some adjuvants, such as muramyl dipeptide (MDP) analog formulations, preferentially induce the formation of antibodies of isotypes that interact with complement and antibody-dependent effector cells, and do not elicit reaginic antibodies. Aluminum salts and mineral oil emulsions increase antibody formation but not cell-mediated immunity (CMI), whereas MDP formulations also elicit CMI. Adjuvants such as MDP and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulate the production by accessory cells of IL-1 that increases the circulation of lymphocytes through draining lymph nodes and act as a growth factor for lymphocytes. Vehicles such as mineral oil emulsions, liposomes and Pluronic polymer formulations provide large surface areas on which antigens can be retained in a two-dimensional matrix, from which they can readily be transferred to antigen-presenting cells. The development of an adjuvant formulation able to elicit the formation of protective antibodies and CMI without unacceptable side effects is described.
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PMID:An adjuvant formulation that selectively elicits the formation of antibodies of protective isotypes and of cell-mediated immunity. 354 Jan 25

A conjugate of a hapten (NIP) and a strongly antigenic protein chicken gamma globulin (CGG), when injected in soluble form into mice, induced weak primary responses, as weak as responses induced by conjugates of NIP (or other haptens) to polysaccharides Ficoll or alpha (-1-6) dextran. Mean concentrations of anti-hapten antibodies on day 14 varied within the range of 37-105 micrograms/ml (C57BL mice) or 14-38 micrograms/ml (CBA mice). The NIP-protein conjugate administered in alum-precipitated form induced 100 times higher primary antibody responses. Alum-precipitation of NIP-Ficoll made it a modestly stronger antigen than soluble NIP-Ficoll. When lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was injected together with any of the soluble antigens, the mice produced plenty of anti-hapten antibodies regardless of whether the antigen was hapten-polysaccharide or hapten-protein conjugate. Concentrations on day 14 varied from around 400 micrograms/ml to approximately 1600 micrograms/ml. LPS had a similar adjuvant effect on antidextran responses. LPS alone induced a polyclonal immunoglobulin production, and the immunoglobulin produced included 'anti-NIP' or 'anti-dextran' detectable in the solid phase antibody assay. These 'antibodies' induced by LPS alone were almost totally mercapto-ethanol-sensitive and poorly detectable by Farr assay or the bacteriophage assay. The response to the LPS+antigen combination was specific for the antigen and included both mercapto-ethanol-sensitive and resistant antibodies.
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PMID:Adjuvant effect of bacterial LPS and/or alum precipitation in responses to polysaccharide and protein antigens. 620 9

Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy was used to quantitate the metal cations bound to outer and cytoplasmic membranes and to extracted lipopolysaccharide from several Escherichia coli K12 strains. The outer membrane was found to be enriched in both calcium and magnesium relative to the cytoplasmic membrane. Both membranes contained significant levels of iron, aluminum, and zinc. The multivalent cation content of the lipopolysaccharide resembled that of the intact outer membrane. Lipopolysaccharide extracted from wild-type k12 strains contained higher levels of Mg than Ca regardless of the growth medium, but the medium used for growth did affect the relative amounts of bound Mg as well as the levels of the minor cations iron, aluminum, and zinc. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide isolated from a deep rough mutant strain, D21f2, contained more Ca than Mg. Electrodialysis of lipopolysaccharide from wild-type k12 strains removed 1 mol of Mg per mol of lipopolysaccharide but did not significantly affect the level of other bound metal ions. Dialysis of lipopolysaccharide against sodium (ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetate removed most of the Mg and Ca, resulting in a sodium salt. The equimolar replacement of divalent cations with sodium in the sodium salt resulted in a net loss of counterion change. The sodium salt was dialyzed against either tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane hydrochloride, CaCl2, MgCl2, or TbCl3, and the resulting lipopolysaccharide salts were analyzed for their ionic composition. It was shown that tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane and Ca can replace some but not all of the Na bound to the sodium salt, but all of the other multivalent cations tested replaced Na, resulting in uniform lipopolysaccharide salts. Lipopolysaccharide isolated from the deep rough mutant strain D21f2 was also converted into a sodium salt. Relative to the wild-type lipopolysaccharide, Na was able to neutralize the anionic charge to a greater extent in the mutant lipopolysaccharide. Our results suggest that the loss of specific groups in the core region of the lipopolysaccharide from the mutant strain results in a more open structure that allows the binding of larger cations and of more monovalent cations.
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PMID:Quantitation of metal cations bound to membranes and extracted lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli. 634 72

Groups of six calves, 4 to 5 weeks old, were vaccinated either orally with a live auxotrophic Salmonella typhimurium (O-antigen 1,4,12) SL1479 vaccine (10(8) bacteria on day zero, 10(10) bacteria on days 7 and 14) or subcutaneously with a heat-inactivated (56 degrees C, 30 min) S. typhimurium SVA1232 vaccine (10(10) bacteria suspended in 30% [vol/vol] aluminum hydroxide on days zero, 7, and 14). The calves were then orally challenged with either 10(6) (approximately 100 X the 25% lethal dose) or 10(9) (approximately 100,000 X the 25% lethal dose) live bacteria of the calf-virulent S. typhimurium SVA44 strain. The immune reactivity of these calves and of nonvaccinated control calves was followed before and after the challenge infection up to 42 days by (i) intradermal injection of S. typhimurium crude extract, outer membrane protein preparation (porins), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), (ii) in vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes estimated by using uptake of [3H]thymidine, with S. typhimurium crude extract, porins, LPS, and polysaccharide (O-antigenic polysaccharide chain free of lipid A), and Salmonella sp. serotype thompson (O-antigen 6,7) strain IS40 LPS and polysaccharide, and (iii) estimation of the class-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibody responses against S. typhimurium LPS and porins, and Salmonella sp. serotype thompson LPS. The immune studies showed that in calves given the live vaccine orally, the skin test reactivity and lymphocyte stimulation indices were significantly higher (P values ranging from less than 0.025 to less than 0.0005) against homologous, but not heterologous, antigens than those seen in calves given the heat-inactivated vaccine subcutaneously. In contrast, the IgG and IgM antibody titers against homologous LPS and porins were significantly higher (P less than 0.0005) in sera collected on day 21 from calves given the heat-inactivated vaccine than in calves given the live vaccine. After the oral challenge, calves given the live vaccine showed reduced cell-mediated immune reactions, in agreement with the observation that the host defense could eradicate the challenge organism, whereas calves given the heat-inactivated vaccine showed significantly increased cell-mediated immune reactions (P values ranging from less than 0.025 to less than 0.005), in agreement with the observation that in these calves, the challenge strain caused enteritis as well as systemic invasion. The increased cell-mediated immune reactivity in calves given the live vaccine correlated well with the excellent protection against challenge infection seen in these animals.
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PMID:Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves: cell-mediated and humoral immune reactions before and after challenge with live virulent bacteria in calves given live or inactivated vaccines. 634 96

The serum antibody response in BALB/c mice to a lipopolysaccharide-protein (LPS-P) complex was monitored by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, total and 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant hemagglutination, and radial immunodiffusion. Dose-response analyses demonstrated that suitable primary doses of LPS-P injected IV or IM induced substantial concentrautions of specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig) M and IgG. Moreover, these values were greatly enhanced with small-dose booster injections. Inoculation of mice with a suitable primary IM dose of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated LPS-P-induced specific IgM and IgG amounts that were detectable for 120 days. An enhanced secondary response to antigen booster injections was generated 105 days after primary inoculation, providing direct evidence that LPS-P can induce immunologic memory. Similar results were obtained for IV inoculations of LPS-P, although the primary IgG response was not as persistent. Seemingly, the memory response to LPS-P was largely dependent on the protein component of the molecule.
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PMID:Induction of immunologic memory by a lipopolysaccharide-protein complex isolated from Fusobacterium necrophorum: humoral response. 680 41

Polysaccharide-protein complex prepared from Haemophilus influenzae type b strain Eagan was evaluated for toxicity and immunogenicity in adult volunteers given intramuscular injection. Most subjects had moderate local inflammation that was maximal the day after vaccination. No lot of vaccine significantly exceeded a saline placebo in production of systemic symptoms. Neither the local nor the systemic reactions of individual subjects appeared to be related to prevaccination serum antibody titers. Serum antibody responses to the capsular polysaccharide (polyribosylribitolphosphate [PRP]) component were detected in approximately 80% of the subjects. The PRP content of the vaccine antigens varied, and the rate and extent of responses were as expected for an equivalent dose of purified PRP vaccine. Antibody responses were not enhanced by aluminum phosphate. There was no booster response to a second injection given after six months. Responses to the residual lipopolysaccharide component occurred in 80% of the subjects, primarily in the IgG class. Responses to the nonlipopolysaccharide somatic components were detected less frequently.
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PMID:A polysaccharide-protein complex from Haemophilus influenzae type b. III. Vaccine trial in human adults. 703 78


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