Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endogenously generated or exogenously applied nitric oxide (NO) redox species induce apoptotic cell death in murine RAW 264.7 macrophages. Activation of the inducible NO synthase by incubation of cells with a combination of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-gamma produced internucleosomal DNA fragmentation and morphological alterations, i.e., chromatin condensation, indicative of apoptotic cell death. These alterations, reflecting the production of NO, were prevented by an inhibitor of NO synthase, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Moreover, NO derived from endogenous or exogenous sources caused accumulation of the tumor suppressor gene p53. Proposing a link between NO generation and DNA fragmentation, we investigated interfering biochemical signaling pathways. Therefore, we tested the ability of four NO-releasing compounds [sodium nitroprusside (SNP), 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO)] to cause specific DNA fragmentation. All NO donors induced DNA fragmentation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. However, substance-specific differences became obvious. After an 8-hr incubation period, GSNO proved to be the strongest apoptotic inducer, whereas SIN-1 was much less active. Apoptosis was rapid with GSNO and SNP, yielding specific DNA fragments after 4 hr and 5 hr, respectively. In contrast, SNAP and SIN-1 produced DNA fragmentation after considerable lag times of 9 hr and 14 hr, respectively. Furthermore, an inhibitory effect of protein kinase C (PKC) and cAMP-dependent protein kinase became apparent. 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate, an activator of PKC, inhibited DNA fragmentation by all four NO donors, whereas PKC inhibitors such as staurosporine and calphostin C sensitized macrophages to apoptosis induced by SNP and GSNO. Lipophilic cAMP analogues suppressed SNP-, SIN-1, and SNAP-induced DNA fragmentation. Thus, our study suggests the existence of specific down-modulatory mechanisms related to NO-induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
 ...
PMID:Nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages is antagonized by protein kinase C- and protein kinase A-activating compounds. 772 36

The free radicals nitric oxide (NO) and superoxide (O2-) are known to react to form peroxynitrite (ONOO-), a potentially more injurious species. Here we compared the inhibitory effects of ONOO- and NO on mitochondrial respiration in J774.2 macrophages. In addition, using uric acid, a potent scavenger of ONOO-, we investigated the potential involvement of endogenous ONOO- in the inhibitory effects of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and gamma-interferon (IFN) on mitochondrial respiration. The NO donors S-nitroso-N-acetyl-DL-penicillamine (SNAP, 1 mM) or diethylamine NONOate (DN, 1 mM) inhibited cellular respiration by approximately 30% over 24h. Equimolar amounts of ONOO- caused a more pronounced inhibition of cell respiration. There was a synergistic effect between the O2- generator pyrogallol (10 microM-1 mM) and the NO donor SNAP (1 mM) in inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. The ONOO- scavenger uric acid (UA, 1 mM) did not prevent the decrease in viability in response to SNAP, DN or pyrogallol, but significantly prevented the decrease in cell viability in response to ONOO-, to the combination of SNAP and pyrogallol, and to SIN-1, a compound that simultaneously generates NO and O2-. The decrease in mitochondrial respiration in response to LPS and IFN was also inhibited by UA as well as by NG-methyl-arginine, an inhibitor of NOS. Thus, ONOO- is a more potent suppressant of mitochondrial respiration than NO and endogenous formation of ONOO- appears to be involved in the cytotoxicity associated with immune stimulation.
 ...
PMID:Endogenous peroxynitrite is involved in the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration in immuno-stimulated J774.2 macrophages. 773 45

The presence of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in the retina, the constitutive isoform in photoreceptor outer segments and the inducible form in retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells, has been demonstrated, but the role of the free radical NO produced, remains unknown. We have investigated the effect of NO on the process of rod outer segment (ROS) phagocytosis. Using an in vitro assay for phagocytosis in primary cultures of bovine RPE cells, we demonstrate that NO released by SIN-1 (3-morpholinosydnonimine) in the culture medium inhibits the phagocytosis of ROS. Furthermore, endogenous NO, produced by RPE cells cotreated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), is also able to decrease RPE cell phagocytic activity. This effect depends upon the continuous presence of NO during the assay and is abolished by the scavenging of NO by hemoglobin or by the inhibition of NO synthase activity by L-arginine analog, NG-monomethyl-L-arginine. Pretreatment of ROS with SIN-1 failed to impair subsequent phagocytosis, demonstrating that NO directly affects the RPE cells ability to phagocytose ROS. The inhibitory effect of NO is cGMP independent, since 8-bromo-cGMP does not modify this process. This decrease of ROS phagocytosis by RPE cells caused by NO may occur as a result of retinal inflammation, and could lead to photoreceptor degeneration.
 ...
PMID:Nitric oxide decreases in vitro phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments by bovine retinal pigmented epithelial cells. 816 66

The effects of endotoxin on endothelial and smooth muscle function were investigated in small femoral arteries removed from rats 4 h after intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 20 mg/kg) or solvent. In the absence of L-arginine in the organ bath, the sensitivity of the arteries to norepinephrine (NE) was decreased only slightly, and the relaxing effects of neither 3-morpholinosydonimine-N-ethyl-carbamide (SIN-1), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, nor acetylcholine (ACh) were modified by LPS treatment despite morphological damage to the endothelium seen with scanning electron microscopy. However, L-arginine (30 microM to 1 mM), which had no effect on control vessels, caused a rapid and stereospecific relaxation of arteries from LPS-treated rats that was abolished by both NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (1 mM), a NO synthase inhibitor, and methylene blue, an inhibitor of the activation of guanylyl cyclase by NO. The relaxing effect of L-arginine was observed in the absence of endothelium, although it was significantly greater in its presence. In addition, a 30-min exposure to extracellular L-arginine (100 microM) moderately but significantly decreased the sensitivity to ACh and SIN-1 of vessels from LPS-treated but not from control rats. These results indicate that LPS treatment induced a NO synthase activity in smooth muscle cells of rat small femoral arteries and that the resulting relaxation was dependent on extracellular L-arginine in these resistance vessels.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Effect of bacterial lipopolysaccharide on function of rat small femoral arteries. 830 99

Nitric oxide (NO.) has proven effective in improving oxygenation and reducing pulmonary hypertension in the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but the precise mechanism remains unclear. NO. has been shown to reduce leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, attenuate neutrophil (PMN) sequestration, and protect endothelium from an inflammatory insult. Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 is a pivotal regulator of PMN-endothelial adhesion and, thus, a critical mediator of PMN cytotoxicity. Consequently, we hypothesized that NO. suppresses ICAM-1 expression on endothelium. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were cultured. The NO. donor 3-morpholinosidnonimine (SIN-1) (0.1-10 microM) was incubated with HUVEC for 4 hr. In separate experiments, HUVEC were incubated with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (100 ng/ml) alone or following SIN-1 pretreatment. ICAM-1 expression on HUVEC was measured by flow cytometric analysis. SIN-1 (1 and 10 microM) reduced the expression of ICAM-1 on resting HUVEC by 58 and 47%, respectively. LPS upregulated ICAM-1 expression; however, this was not affected by SIN-1 pretreatment. We conclude that NO. reduces constitutive endothelial expression of ICAM-1, but does not prevent LPS-stimulated upregulation of ICAM-1 expression. Downregulation of ICAM-1 may be a mechanism whereby NO. protects resting endothelium (distant organ bed) from circulating primed or activated PMNs, but may not be as effective at a primary inflammatory site.
 ...
PMID:Nitric oxide reduces endothelial expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. 866 Dec 20

We investigated the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the induction of the stress protein heme oxygenase and its protective role in vascular endothelial cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide. Treatment of porcine aortic endothelial cells for 6 h with the NO-releasing compounds (0.1-1 mM) sodium nitroprusside (SNP), S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), and 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1) resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in heme oxygenase activity. At 1 mM, the activity of heme oxygenase was augmented 8.5-fold with SNP, 5.8-fold with SNAP, and 5.7-fold with SIN-1 over the control value. In contrast, endothelial cells exposed to 100 microM S-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a tissue-permeable analogue that mimics the action of guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, did not show any change in heme oxygenase activity. Activation of the inducible NO synthase by the synergistic action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (250 ng/ml) and interferon-gamma (100 U/ml) also increased endothelial heme oxygenase activity by 3.2-fold (P < 0.05 vs control). Methylene blue (1 microM), an inhibitor of both NO synthase and guanylate cyclase activities, completely abolished this effect. Cells previously exposed to SNAP and SIN-1 exhibited a significant protection against the cytotoxicity mediated by hydrogen peroxide (250 microM) (P < 0.05). Conversely, SNP did not show any protective effects, possibly because of catalytic iron released during its chemical decomposition. In fact, the iron chelator deferoxamine (5 mM) completely suppressed the SNP-mediated cytotoxicity and partially attenuated the activity of heme oxygenase to a level equal to that mediated by SIN-1 and SNAP. These results indicate that NO is a determinant in the modulation of the activity of heme oxygenase leading to a major resistance of the endothelium to oxidative stress.
 ...
PMID:NO-mediated activation of heme oxygenase: endogenous cytoprotection against oxidative stress to endothelium. 876 40

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated macrophages in the perfused mesenteric circulation of the rat. The mesenteric network of anesthetized rats was perfused in situ under constant flow conditions and the diameter and pressure of the mesenteric artery were continuously recorded. For the first 30 min the mesenteric network was perfused with an RPMI solution (control condition); thereafter it was perfused for 60 min with the same solution containing either (1) LPS (1 microgram/ml), (2) elicited macrophages (10(6) cells/ml), (3) LPS-activated macrophages or (4) supernatants derived from LPS-activated macrophages (SPN). The changes in arterial diameter induced by topical application of phenylephrine (PE, 10 mumol/l) were measured under control conditions and then 30 and 60 min after the onset of perfusions. The intravascular pressure was similarly increased (51 +/- 6%, p < 0.001) by the perfusion of activated macrophages or elicited macrophages but was not affected by perfusion of LPS or SPN. Despite the same level of transmural mesenteric pressure in rats perfused with activated and elicited macrophages, the mesenteric diameter was significantly larger with activated than with elicited macrophages (p < 0.05). Under control conditions, PE induced a marked decrease in arterial diameter from 495 +/- 15 to 265 +/- 13 microns (p < 0.001). Perfusion of LPS, elicited macrophages or SPN did not modify the vascular reactivity to PE. Perfusion of activated macrophages reduced the PE-induced contraction by 77 +/- 6% (p < 0.001). Perfusion of elicited macrophages with a nitric oxide (NO) donor (SIN-1, 10 mumol/l) reproduced the effect of LPS-activated macrophages while addition of an NO scavenger (oxyhemoglobin, 10 mumol/l) prevented the depression of the vascular reactivity to PE by activated macrophages. Finally, activated macrophages preincubated with an inhibitor of NO synthesis (NG-monomethyl-L-arginine); L-NMMA), and then perfused in RPMI solution without L-NMMA had no effect on the PE reactivity of the mesenteric artery suggesting that NO released by activated macrophages directly and rapidly inhibited the contractility of the mesenteric artery. The results of this study demonstrate the opposing effects of macrophages in the mesenteric circulation to increase microvascular resistance by a rheological effect while decreasing the reactivity of the mesenteric artery as a result of NO released by macrophages.
 ...
PMID:Rapid effect of LPS-activated macrophages on the reactivity of the rat mesenteric artery. 886 42

HF-2035, 2-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2,4,5-trichlorobenzenesulfonyl)] amino-N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylbenzylamine, was synthesized and its effects on calmodulin-dependent enzymes were investigated. HF-2035 inhibited calmodulin kinase I, calmodulin kinase II and myosin light-chain kinase with IC50 values of 1.3 microM, 1.6 microM and 68 microM, respectively. HF-2035 also inhibited the activity of recombinant rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase, one of the calmodulin-dependent enzymes, with a Ki of 0.78 microM. Partially purified nitric oxide synthase of rat brain was also inhibited by HF-2035 with an IC50 of 3.2 microM. Kinetic analysis indicated that this inhibitory effect of HF-2035 was competitive with respect to calmodulin. We examined the effects of HF-2035 on constitutive nitric oxide synthase in a bioassay using vascular strips of rabbit carotid artery with and without endothelium. HF-2035 inhibited acetylcholine- and calcium ionophore, A23187 (6S-[6 alpha (2S*,3S*),8 beta (R*),9 beta, 11 alpha]-5- (methylamino)-2-[[3,9,11-trimethyl-8-[1-methyl-2-oxo-2-(1H-pyrrol-2-yl)- ethyl]-1,7-dioxaspiro[5.5]undec-2-yl]methyl]-4-benzoxazol ecarboxylic acid)-induced relaxation of endothelium-intact strips with an ED50 of 1.5 +/- 0.5 microM and 2.8 +/- 1 microM, respectively. This compound, however, did not inhibit N-nitroso-N-morpholinoaminoacetonitrile (SIN-1A), an exogenous nitric oxide donor, -induced relaxation of endothelium-denuded strips. W-7 (N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1- naphthalenesulfonamide) inhibited acetylcholine-induced relaxation with an ED50 of 46 +/- 7 microM, which was 30-fold less potent than HF-2035. HF-2035 was unable to inhibit the activity of the inducible form of nitric oxide synthase in isolated thoracic aorta of rat treated with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. These findings suggest that HF-2035 is a new and potent calmodulin antagonist, and may be used as a mother compound to develop more selective inhibitors of constitutive nitric oxide synthase.
 ...
PMID:A new and potent calmodulin antagonist, HF-2035, which inhibits vascular relaxation induced by nitric oxide synthase. 890 Oct 14

Patients with acute inflammatory lung injury are commonly treated with inhaled nitric oxide. Nitric oxide has profound immunoregulatory effects. Increased concentrations of the cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid has been associated with disease severity. We have investigated the effects of a nitric oxide donor and a combined nitric oxide-superoxide donor on lipopolysaccharide-mediated accumulation of IL-8 from cultured human neutrophils. Interleukin-8 was measured in culture supernatant after 20 h using enzyme immunoassay. The combined nitric oxide-superoxide donor, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), dose-dependently decreased lipopolysaccharide-mediated IL-8 accumulation (P < 0.01). SIN-1 also decreased IL-8 accumulation from unstimulated neutrophils (P < 0.001). In contrast, the pure nitric oxide donor, 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolium 5-amino chloride (GEA-3162), increased stimulated IL-8 accumulation (P < 0.01) and also increased IL-8 accumulation in unstimulated cells (P < 0.002). Nitric oxide and superoxide have profound effects on IL-8. These results have important implications for the treatment of patients with acute lung injury with inhaled nitric oxide.
 ...
PMID:Effect of exogenous nitric oxide and superoxide on interleukin-8 from human polymorphonuclear leucocytes. 921 25

In acute lung injury, neutrophil apoptosis may be important in regulating the inflammatory process by controlling neutrophil numbers and thus activity. Exogenous inhaled nitric oxide is now a widely used therapy in patients with acute lung injury, and its effects on apoptosis may be important. We investigated the effect of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on apoptosis in lipopolysaccharide stimulated polymorphonuclear leukocytes as a model of nitric oxide-treated lung injury. Cells were incubated for up to 16 h with and without 1.7 microg/ml lipopolysaccharide and the nitric oxide donor GEA-3162 or the peroxynitrite donor SIN-1. Apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry following annexin-V staining, after 4, 6, 8, and 16 h. Data were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance or Mann-Whitney U-test as appropriate. Annexin-V staining increased spontaneously over 16 h in untreated cells (p = .0002) and incubation with either 1000 microM SIN-1 or 10 microM GEA-3162 increased annexin staining at early time points in nonactivated cells. Apoptosis was attenuated when cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide and both nitric oxide and peroxynitrite dose dependently inhibited this suppression at all time points and was most apparent at 16 h (p = .004 and .001, respectively). Exposure of activated neutrophils to exogenous nitric oxide or peroxynitrite has marked influences on apoptosis. This work has implications for the modulation of neutrophil function within the lung in patients with lung injury who receive inhaled nitric oxide therapy.
 ...
PMID:The effect of nitric oxide and peroxynitrite on apoptosis in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. 980 Oct 76


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 Next >>