Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Macrophage activation by saikosaponins and saikogenins was investigated and compared with that by other saponins and macrophage stimulants. Saikosaponins a and d induced a marked cell accumulation in the peritoneal cavity when administered intraperitoneally. Among saikosaponins and saikogenins tested, saikosaponin d significantly activated peritoneal macrophages in terms of enhancement of phagocytic activity, increased level of cellular lysosomal enzyme (acid phosphatase), induction of cytostatic activity and expression of Ia antigen on the cell surface. The activities of saikosaponin d were much stronger than those of typical saponins ginsenoside Rg1 and glycyrrhizin and almost comparable with or somewhat weaker than those of lipopolysaccharide, a streptococcal preparation OK-432 and formalin-killed Propionibacterium acnes, indicating that saikosaponin d is a potent macrophage activator.
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PMID:Activation of murine peritoneal macrophages by saikosaponin a, saikosaponin d and saikogenin d. 270 37

The role of mononuclear phagocyte-specific colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) in human monocyte to macrophage differentiation was investigated. The addition of 1000 U/ml of CSF-1 to serum-free monocyte cultures resulted in monocyte survival comparable to that in cultures containing 5% AB serum, whereas cells in serum- and CSF-1-free medium lost their viability in 3 to 5 days. The requirement for CSF-1 coincided with the time (40 to 64 hr of culture) when the major changes in morphology and biochemical function took place in monocytes undergoing differentiation into macrophages. If CSF-1 was removed from the cultures before this time, death of the monocytes resulted. In cultures containing CSF-1, as in serum containing cultures, the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase was enhanced 10- to 20-fold by day 4 to 5. Superoxide production in response to phorbol myristic acetate was maintained in CSF-1 cultured monocytes, but declined with time in monocytes cultured in serum. The expression of monocyte-macrophage antigens p150.95 (LeuM5), OKM1, LeuM3, Fc receptors (32.2), and HLA-DR had increased in CSF-1 containing cultures at day 4. When antigen expression was analyzed at day 2 to 3, when cell size and 90 degrees scatter characteristics were still identical to control serum-free cultures, only p150.95, HLA-DR and FcR expression were enhanced by CSF-1. Low amounts of lipopolysaccharide (0.1 ng/ml) were found to enhance monocyte survival in the absence of added CSF-1. Lipopolysaccharide-containing cultures were found to produce CSF-1 (up to 450 U/ml, as detected by radioimmunoassay). Lipopolysaccharide (1 microgram/ml), however, did not induce enhanced expression of the maturation-related antigens. Based on these observations we conclude that CSF-1 is enhancing human monocyte survival and is involved in the events leading to the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.
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PMID:Colony-stimulating factor-induced monocyte survival and differentiation into macrophages in serum-free cultures. 282 12

In earlier studies we investigated the in vivo effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on lymphoid and non-lymphoid cells in the mouse spleen. In order to find out whether LPS localizes in and/or on cells that are affected by this compound, the aim of the present study was to investigate the localization of intravenously injected LPS in the mouse spleen using an immunoperoxidase technique. At different time points after injection, the localization of LPS is demonstrated and LPS-containing cells are characterized. Most of the injected LPS has been taken up by marginal zone macrophages at 2 h after its administration whereas macrophages in the red pulp and at the periphery of the white pulp (marginal metallophils) have ingested less LPS. In the periarteriolar lymphocyte sheath, LPS is concentrated in a large number of acid phosphatase-negative, Ia-positive, large branched cells which were suggested to represent interdigitating cells. Moreover an extracellular dendritic localization pattern of LPS is demonstrated in the corona and central parts of the follicles at different time intervals after its injection. The significance of the localization pattern of LPS in the mouse spleen is discussed.
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PMID:Localization of intravenously injected lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the spleen of the mouse. An immunoperoxidase and histochemical study. 285 97

The growth of Mycobacterium avium in macrophages obtained from Mycobacterium bovis BCG-infected mice was compared with that in macrophages from uninfected mice. BCG vaccination resulted in substantial macrophage activation, measured as increased acid phosphatase and superoxide anion production, as well as enhanced leishmanicidal activity. However, the activated macrophages were only able to reduce the rate of intracellular growth by Listeria monocytogenes and M. avium in vivo and did not express detectable levels of mycobactericidal activity in vitro. Exposure of the macrophage monolayers to concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cell supernatant fluid and lipopolysaccharide did not further enhance the ability of the BCG-activated macrophages to control the intracellular replication of the M. avium. Macrophages from BCG-infected C57BL/6 (BCGs) mice were quantitatively better able to control the intracellular replication of the M. avium challenge than were similar phagocytes obtained from BCGr (A/J) mice. These findings have important implications with respect to the expression of acquired resistance to these atypical mycobacterial infections.
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PMID:Growth of Mycobacterium avium in activated macrophages harvested from inbred mice with differing innate susceptibilities to mycobacterial infection. 313 64

Macrophage activation by a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, xiao-chai-hu-tang (Japanese name: shosaiko-to), was investigated. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of shosaiko-to into (BALB/c x DBA/2)F1 mice resulted in marked activation of macrophages with respect to phagocytic and lysosomal enzyme activities (acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase) compared with the control. The maximal responses were induced by an i.p. injection of 3 mg shosaiko-to 4 days previously. Enhanced activities induced by shosaiko-to were also seen in C3H/HeJ mice, which is a non-responder strain to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Significant macrophage accumulation in the peritoneal cavity and increased lysosomal enzyme activities were observed in mice injected with shosaiko-to. Shosaiko-to exhibited significant cytostasis-inducing activity. In addition, the administration of shosaiko-to led to a moderate expression of Ia antigen on the surface of peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that shosaiko-to is a potent macrophage activator.
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PMID:Activation of murine peritoneal macrophages by intraperitoneal administration of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, xiao-chai-hu-tang (Japanese name: shosaiko-to). 317 54

Homologous human macrophage hybridoma cell lines were obtained by somatic cell fusion between peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages and a subclone of the myelomonocytic cell line, U937-F9. The hybridoma cell lines grown in vitro for more than a year were confirmed by manifestations of phagocytosis, adherence, nonspecific esterase, acid phosphatase, chromosome numbers and other cell surface antigens. Cell surface antigens on hybridomas were detected by flow cytometry analysis with monoclonal antibodies. With interclonal differences, a typical phenotype of hybridoma cells was CDw14+, OKM5+, Mac-1+ (equivalent to OKM1 and Mol), OKT9+, HLA-DR- and CD20+. After stimulation with lipopolysaccharide and calcium ionophore A23187, culture supernatants of clones c18A and c29A showed cytotoxic activity against human melanoma A375 Met-Mix and other cell lines which were resistant to the tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin and interleukin 1. This cytotoxic factor was found to be distinct from the tumor necrosis factor, lymphotoxin and interleukin 1 using the anti-tumor necrosis factor, anti-lymphotoxin and anti-interleukin 1 antisera.
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PMID:Homologous human macrophage hybridomas that produce a novel cytotoxic factor in their culture supernatants. 328 4

Peritoneal macrophages from normal mice strains (C3H/Tif and C57BL/6J) and from the endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) low responder strain (C3H/Hej were exposed to two structurally different endotoxins from Bacteroides intermedius and Escherichia coli in vitro. Intracellular activity of a lysosomal enzyme (acid phosphatase) and macrophage mediated cytotoxic activity against a tumor cell line (L929) were tested. Both endotoxins caused increased levels of acid phosphatase activity in normal mice macrophages. No change was obtained in the C3H/Hej macrophages exposed to E. coli LPS; however, the B. intermedius LPS was able to strongly elevate intracellular enzyme level in the C3H/Hej low responder macrophages. Cytotoxic activities were investigated in macrophage supernatants and in co-cultures of stimulated macrophages and target cells. Cytotoxic activity evaluated by measuring release of radioactivity from 14C-thymidine labelled tumor cells was increased with both endotoxins in normal mouse macrophages, but not in non-responder macrophages. When macrophage-mediated effects on tumor cells were tested by counting target cells left per culture, a reduction in target cell number was observed in endotoxin-treated low responder macrophage as well as in normal strain macrophage cultures more pronounced, however, in the normal strain. Cell contact between cytotoxic macrophages and target cells was verified by scanning electron microscopy. The results suggest that LPS effects on macrophages are dependent upon the functional parameters studied, and that the chemical composition of a particular LPS is important for its selective effects on macrophage functions.
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PMID:Effects of endotoxins from Bacteroides intermedius and Escherichia coli on cytotoxic and lysosomal activity in peritoneal macrophages from endotoxin responder and low responder mouse strains. 330

Blood lymphocytes from 23 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia were stimulated with different mitogens (lipopolysaccharide from E coli, phorbol myristate acetate ester, Staphylococcus aureus, and phytohemagglutinin M form). Functional properties of stimulated cells (blastic transformation, mitotic index, cIg production, Ig secretion, and acid phosphatase positivity) were evaluated and correlated with the stage of disease and chromosomal findings. Early stages of the disease are characterized by a relatively homogeneous response to polyclonal B-cell and activators and by a restricted number of chromosomal aberrations. Advanced stages show a more heterogeneous pattern of response and a higher incidence of abnormal karyotypes suggesting an involvement of various subclonal lines.
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PMID:Cytogenetic aspects of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: their correlation with clinical stage and different polyclonal mitogens. 349 39

Sub-microgram quantities of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) have been found to substantially reduce the intracellular catalytic activities of three representative lysosomal enzymes (namely, acid phosphatase, hexosaminidase, and beta-glucuronidase) in human monocyte-derived macrophages. This response was not associated with a concurrent increase in enzyme catalytic activity in the culture supernatant, and hence, could not be explained by mobilization of preformed material. By conducting experiments in the presence and absence of indomethacin, a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, the reduction in lysosomal enzyme catalytic activities was shown not to be dependent on the ability of LPS to induce prostaglandin E2 production. The response was not found to be the result of a more generalized LPS-dependent reduction in the ability of the cells to synthesize protein, since the presence of LPS in macrophage cultures did not appreciably affect the amount of [35S]methionine incorporated into total cellular proteins. A kinetic analysis of the effect of LPS on the down-regulation of enzyme catalytic activities indicated that this was an early response of the cells to LPS exposure. An investigation of the effects of blockade of enzyme catabolism (using the lysosomotropic weak-base, methylamine) indicated that the reduction of catalytic enzyme activities in response to LPS was probably due to a decreased rate of production of active product, rather than an enhanced rate of enzyme catabolism. This suggestion was confirmed by experiments in which the synthesis of pro-hexosaminidase (measured by biosynthetic labeling with [35S]methionine and specific immunoprecipitation of labeled pro-hexosaminidase) was found to be reduced by 42% after a 24-h exposure to LPS (although the synthesis of complement component C3 was stimulated by a factor of 4.5). It is suggested that the ability of LPS to regulate the functional expression of protein products contributes to changes in the overall functional status of these cells in response to this bacterial product.
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PMID:Bacterial lipopolysaccharide suppresses the production of catalytically active lysosomal acid hydrolases in human macrophages. 370 Apr 68

Administration of endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide extracted from cell walls of gram negative bacteria, elicited alterations in various metabolic parameters and in the electrocardiogram of rats. Cardiac glycogen and serum glucose were decreased, while serum pyruvate and acid phosphatase levels were increased. There was initial tachycardia followed by significant bradycardia and elevation of the ST segment in the animals with shock. Erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and haematocrit were not changed after shock. Treatment with naloxone caused significant decreases in the metabolic and electrocardiographic changes induced by endotoxin.
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PMID:Decrease by naloxone of some electrocardiographic and biochemical changes following endotoxin induced shock in rats. 395 61


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