Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The pleiotropic phenotype of an auxotrophic purL mutant (SVQ295) of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 has been investigated. SVQ295 forms colonies that are translucent, produce more slime and absorb less Congo red than those of wild-type strain HH103. SVQ295 did not grow in minimal medium unless the culture was supplemented with thiamin and adenine or with thiamin and AICA-riboside (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1-beta-D-ribofuranoside), an intermediate of purine biosynthesis. Bacterial cultures supplemented with AICA-riboside or adenine reached the same culture density, although the doubling time of SVQ295 cultures containing AICA-riboside was clearly longer. S. fredii SVQ295 induced pseudonodules on Glycine max and failed to nodulate six different legumes. On Glycyrrhiza uralensis, however, nodules showing nitrogenase activity and containing infected plant cells were formed. SVQ295 showed auto-agglutination when grown in liquid TY medium and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS) electrophoretic profile differed from that of its parental strain HH103-1. In addition, four monoclonal antibodies that recognize the LPS of S. fredii HH103 failed to recognize the LPS produced by SVQ295. In contrast, (1)H-NMR spectra of K-antigen capsular polysaccharides (KPS) produced by SVQ295 and the wild-type strain HH103 were similar. Co-inoculation of soybean plants with SVQ295 and SVQ116 (a nodA mutant derivative of HH103) produced nitrogen-fixing nodules that were only occupied by SVQ116.
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PMID:A purL mutant of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 is symbiotically defective and altered in its lipopolysaccharide. 1285 32

In this study, the haemolytic activities of Glycyrrhiza uralensis saponins (GLS) and its adjuvant potentials on the cellular and humoral immune responses of ICR mice against ovalbumin (OVA) were evaluated. We determined the haemolytic activity of GLS using 0.5% rabbit red blood cell. Haemolytic percents of GLS-treated red blood cell were 11.20 and 5.54% at the concentrations of 500 and 250 microg/ml, respectively. ICR mice were immunized subcutaneously with OVA 100 microg alone or with OVA 100 microg dissolved in saline containing Alum (200 microg), QuilA (10 and 20 microg), or GLS (50, 100, or 200 microg) on Days 1 and 15. Two weeks later (Day 28), concanavalin A (Con A)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and OVA-stimulated splenocyte proliferation and OVA-specific serum antibodies were measured. GLS significantly enhanced the Con A-, LPS-, and OVA-induced splenocyte proliferation in the OVA-immunized mice at a dose of 100 microg (P<0.025). OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody titers in serum were also significantly enhanced by GLS compared with OVA control group (P<0.025). Moreover, no significant differences (P>0.05) were observed between enhancing effect of GLS and QuilA on the OVA-specific IgG, IgG1, and IgG2b antibody responses to OVA in mice. The results suggest that GLS showed a slight haemolytic effect and enhanced significantly a specific antibody and cellular response against OVA in mice, and deserved further researches to be developed as immunological adjuvant.
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PMID:Immunological adjuvant effect of Glycyrrhiza uralensis saponins on the immune responses to ovalbumin in mice. 1630 Aug 65

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), there are three Cheng-Chi-Tang decoctions (CCTDs) including: Ta-Cheng-Chi-Tang (TCCT), Xiao-Chen-Chi-Tang (XCCT) and Tiao-Wei-Chen-Chi-Tang (TWCCT), which are the frequently used purgative remedies to treat "internal heat"-induced symptoms like a bloated and painful abdomen, hard stools and fever, etc. Constituents in each formulation are Rheum palmatum L. (Polygonaceae), Magnolia officinalis Rehd. et Wils. (Magnoliaceae), Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae), Mirabilitum (mirabilite, crystals of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4) for TCCT; Rheum palmatum, Magnolia officinalis, Citrus aurantium for XCCT; and Rheum palmatum, Mirabilitum, Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Leguminosae) for TWCCT. However, the underlying mechanisms for purging internal pathological heat are far from fully clarified, and few scientific investigations have been carried out to delineate the relationships between the anti-inflammatory effects and laxative potencies of these formulations. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of the three CCTDs on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E (PGE2) production in RAW 264.7 cells, carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice and the laxative effect in mice were explored. The results showed that TCCT inhibited LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in RAW 264.7 cells more effectively than did XCCT or TWCCT. Moreover, paw edema of carrageenan-treated mice was significantly attenuated in mice pretreated with 1 g/kg TCCT. TCCT also showed the strongest purgative activity among the three formulations. These findings indicate that TCCT has anti-inflammatory effects in addition to its traditionally known purgative activities. It may have potential to treat inflammatory disease conditions.
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PMID:Effects of three purgative decoctions on inflammatory mediators. 1631 Sep 93

Licochalcone A (LicA), a major phenolic constituent of the licorice species Glycyrrhiza inflata, has recently been reported to have anti-inflammatory as well as anti-microbial effects. These anti-inflammatory properties might be exploited for topical applications of LicA. We conducted prospective randomized vehicle-controlled clinical trials to assess the anti-irritative efficacy of cosmetic formulations containing LicA in a post-shaving skin irritation model and on UV-induced erythema formation. The clinical trials were accompanied by a series of in vitro experiments to characterize anti-inflammatory properties of LicA on several dermatologically relevant cell types. Topical LicA causes a highly significant reduction in erythema relative to the vehicle control in both the shave- and UV-induced erythema tests, demonstrating the anti-irritative properties of LicA. Furthermore, LicA is a potent inhibitor of pro-inflammatory in vitro responses, including N-formyl-MET-LEU-PHE (fMLP)- or zymosan-induced oxidative burst of granulocytes, UVB-induced PGE(2) release by keratinocytes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PGE(2) release by adult dermal fibroblasts, fMLP-induced LTB(4) release by granulocytes, and LPS-induced IL-6/TNF-alpha secretion by monocyte-derived dendritic cells. The reported data suggest therapeutic skin care benefits from LicA when applied to sensitive or irritated skin.
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PMID:Anti-inflammatory efficacy of Licochalcone A: correlation of clinical potency and in vitro effects. 1655 40

Danzhixiaoyao Wan (DW) is a common 10 herbs formulation in China for regulating several clinical conditions affecting women. This research tried to explain one of DW's functions, purging heat, using in vitro pharmacological analyses. The whole formulation and each single herb of DW were compared based on antioxidant activity with the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and for their inhibitory effect (IE) on nitric oxide (NO) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages with the Griess assay. The results showed that DW as a whole formulation had both antioxidant activity and an IE on NO production, while the individual herb component of DW varied in their ORAC values and inhibition of NO production. The ORAC value of the whole DW was 450 mumol TE g(-1). The order of antioxidant (ORAC) activity of the single herbs was: Mentha haplocalyx (1352 mumol TE g(-1)) > Glycyrrhiza uralensis (1184 mumol TE g(-1)) > Gardenia jasminoides (1129 mumol TE g(-1)) > Paeonia suffruticosa (465 mumol TE g(-1)), with the contributions being additive rather than synergistic. The production of nitrite by stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages (unstimulated: 0.5 +/- 0.1 muM versus LPS: 38.9 +/- 2.3 muM) was significantly inhibited (P < 0.05) by M. haplocalyx, G. jasminoides, Bupleurum chinense and Paeonia lactiflora. DW as a whole had an IE on NO production, but this was not significant. The single herb M. haplocalyx had the highest ORAC value and the highest IE on NO production, followed by G. jasminoides. Both of these herbs have the 'purging heat' property in the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and this property of the samples may be correlated with the antioxidant activity and IE on NO production.
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PMID:Elucidation of danzhixiaoyao wan and its constituent herbs on antioxidant activity and inhibition of nitric oxide production. 1822 9

In this study, the anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoids isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (Leguminosae), namely, isoliquiritin (the glycoside of isoliquirigenin) and isoliquiritigenin (the aglycone of isoliquiritin) were evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Isoliquiritigenin (ILG) more potently inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production than isoliquiritin (ILT). Consistent with these findings, ILG reduced the LPS-induced expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the protein and mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner, as determined by Western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. In addition, the release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines were reduced by ILG in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, ILG attenuated the LPS-induced DNA binding activity and the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and this was associated with a decrease in inhibitory kappa B-alpha (IkappaB-alpha) phosphorylation and in the subsequent blocking of p65 and p50 protein translocations to the nucleus. Furthermore, ILG suppressed the phosphorylations of IkappaB kinase (IKK), ERK1/2, and p38, whereas the phosphorylation of JNK1/2 was unaffected. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of ILG are caused by iNOS, COX-2, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 down-regulation due to NF-kappaB inhibition via the suppression of IKK, ERK1/2 and p38 phosphorylation in RAW 264.7 cells.
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PMID:Isoliquiritigenin isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis inhibits LPS-induced iNOS and COX-2 expression via the attenuation of NF-kappaB in RAW 264.7 macrophages. 1829

Water-soluble polysaccharide(Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide, GP) was isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, with glycosidic units were composed of alpha (1-4) linked D-glucana. We demonstrated that GP significantly induces nitric oxides (NO) production and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) transcription in peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, iNOS mRNA expression was strongly induced by GP. NO in the culture supernatant was measured by Griess reaction, the production of iNOS was determined by commercially available iNOS kit. GP (10-400 microg/ml) alone increased significantly NO and iNOS production in macrophages. Macrophages simultaneously treated with GP plus lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) increased NO and iNOS production as compared to that of GP treatments alone. The production of NO and iNOS in macrophages pretreated with LPS followed by GP was higher than that of treatment with GP and LPS simultaneously. Using RT-PCR reveals that GP may provide a second triggering signal for the expression of iNOS mRNA. Thus, the iNOS-mediated NO synthesis in response to GP may be one of the mechanisms whereby this herbal medicine elicits its therapeutic effects.
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PMID:Nitrite oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase were regulated by polysaccharides isolated from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. 1843 50

Licochalcone A was isolated from the roots of Glycyrrhiza inflata and evaluated for its anti-inflammatory activity in xylene-induced mice ear edema and carrageenan-induced paw edema tests. At the same time, the inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by licochalcone A was also studied in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mouse macrophage cells. At 5 mg/ ear, licochalcone A showed remarkable effects against acute inflammation induced by xylene, and at the doses of 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg (p.o.), licochalcone A reduced significantly paw edema induced by carrageenan compared to the control at the fourth hour. Both COX-2 activity and expression were significantly inhibited by licochalcone A at all the test doses. Therefore, licochalcone A could be a useful compound for the development of new anti-inflammatory agents.
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PMID:Anti-inflammatory activity of licochalcone A isolated from Glycyrrhiza inflata. 1866 21

Licochalcone A (LicA), a major phenolic constituent of the licorice species Glycyrrhiza inflata, exhibits various biological properties, including chemopreventive, anti-bacterial, and anti-spasmodic activity. We report that LicA inhibits inflammatory reactions in macrophages and protects mice from endotoxin shock. Our in vitro experiments showed that LicA suppressed not only the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin (PG)E(2), but also the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW264.7 cells. Similarly, LicA inhibited the production of inflammatory cytokines induced by LPS in RAW264.7 cells, including IL-1 beta and IL-6. In an animal model, LicA protected BALB/c mice from LPS-induced endotoxin shock, possibly through inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines and NO. Collectively, LicA inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators and may be a potential target for treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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PMID:Licochalcone A isolated from licorice suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory reactions in RAW264.7 cells and endotoxin shock in mice. 1882 56

Airway inflammation plays important roles in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and anti-inflammatory treatment effectively improves the symptoms of these diseases. To develop the potentially therapeutic compounds for the treatment of pulmonary inflammation, we investigated the effects of licorice flavonoids (LF) extracted from the roots of Glycyrrhiza uralensis (licorice) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. Acute pulmonary inflammation was induced by intracheal instillation with LPS, treatment with LF at dosages of 3, 10 and 30 mg/kg significantly reduced the LPS-induced inflammatory cells, including neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes accumulation in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF), among these inflammatory cells, LF predominately inhibited neutrophil infiltration, and the maximal effect (30 mg/kg) was as comparable as dexamethasone treatment at 1 mg/kg. Consistent with its effects on neutrophil infiltration, LF treatment significantly increased LPS-induced BALF superoxide dismutase activity, and significantly decreased lung myeloperoxidase activity as well. Furthermore, treatment with LF at 30 mg/kg significantly reduced LPS-induced lung TNFalpha and IL-1beta mRNA expression at 6 h and 24 h after LPS instillation, respectively. Finally, LF at different dosages not only significantly decreased the elevation of lung water content, but also markedly attenuated LPS-induced histological alteration. Therefore, we suggest that LF effectively attenuates LPS-induced pulmonary inflammation through inhibition of inflammatory cells infiltration and inflammatory mediator release which subsequently reduces neutrophil recruitment into lung and neutrophil-mediated oxidative injury, and this study provides with the potential rationale for development of anti-inflammatory compounds from flavonoid extracts of licorice.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of flavonoids extracted from licorice on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute pulmonary inflammation in mice. 1907 Dec 31


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