Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Glycerol-teichoic acid (GTA) showed a modulatory effect on the in vitro response of murine splenocytes to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as measured by incorporation of 3H-thymidine. GTA inhibited the response to Con A when added prior to addition of the mitogen, while addition 24 hr after had no significant effect on the response. The degree of suppression was dose dependent in a range from 0.1-5 microgram GTA/culture. The spleen cell response to LPS was enhanced by GTA when added prior to the mitogen. Peak enhancement occurred at 1-2 microgram GTA/culture, depending on the time of addition. GTA added 24 hr after LPS produced no significant effect on mitogenesis. Addition of GTA alone to spleen cell cultures produced a slight suppression of DNA synthesis and was toxic at 10 microgram/culture if incubated at least 66 hr. GTA is bound to murine spleen cells as indicated by decreased passive hemagglutination inhibition activity of culture supernates.
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PMID:Modulation of murine lymphocyte mitogen responses by glycerol-teichoic acid. 733 39

The mitogen-induced activation responses of rat splenic lymphocytes were determined for control and uremic rats. Lymphocyte activation was quantified by incorporation of [3H]thymidine. Glycerol-induced acute renal failure (ARF) inhibited the proliferation of both lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced B-lymphocytes and concanavalin A (Con A)-induced T-lymphocytes by 80% and 87%, respectively. The decrease in [3H]thymidine incorporation in both the LPS- and con A-activated cells significantly correlates with increases in plasma urea and creatinine concentrations (r = 0.83). Total glutathione (GSH) concentration in the splenocytes was not significantly different in terms of GSH per 10(7) cell, although the overall GSH and the number of viable splenocytes were generally lower in the uremic rats. Determination of GSH-related enzymes (GSH S-transferase, GSSG reductase and GSH peroxidase) in the spleen of control rats and rats with ARF showed little difference in the activities of these enzymes, although the GSSG/GSH ratio, which is an indication of oxidative stress, was significantly increased in the spleen of uremic rats. Incubation of normal splenocytes from control rats with uremic plasma obtained from rats with ARF also significantly decreased the proliferation responses. Metabolic inhibitors present in uremic plasma may contribute to the inhibitory action on mitogen-induced proliferation of B- and T-lymphocytes, although oxidative stress which occurs in ARF may itself be sufficient to affect the immune function.
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PMID:Effect of glycerol-induced acute renal failure on glutathione status and mitogen-induced proliferation of rat splenocytes. 825 21

The structure of the O-specific side-chain of the Hafnia alvei strain PCM 1207 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been investigated. Methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, fast atom bombardment (FAB)-MS/MS and 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy were the principal methods used. Glycerol phosphate was identified as a constituent in the polysaccharide and the following structure of a pentasaccharide repeating unit was established: The polysaccharide is partially (approximately 10%) substituted with O-acetyl groups. The lipopolysaccharide was also subjected to high resolution magic angle spinning (HR-MAS) NMR analysis, which showed both the signals of the O-specific polysaccharide as well as several signals from unsubstituted core oligosaccharides. This confirmed the presence of the described structure in the native LPS.
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PMID:Structural studies of the O-specific polysaccharide of Hafnia alvei strain PCM 1207 lipopolysaccharide. 1054 50

The O-specific polysaccharide was obtained by mild acid hydrolysis of the lipopolysaccharide of Citrobacter werkmanii PCM 1548 and PCM 1549 (serogroup O14) and found to contain D-glucose, D-glucosamine and glycerol-1-phosphate in molar ratios 2 : 2 : 1. Based on methylation analysis and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy data, it was established that the O-specific polysaccharides from both strains have the identical branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit with 3,6-disubstituted GlcNAc, followed by 2,4-disubstituted Glc residues carrying at the branching points lateral residues of Glc and GlcNAc at positions 6 and 2, respectively. Glycerol-1-phosphate is linked to position 6 of the chain Glc. All sugars have a beta configuration, except for the side-chain Glc, which is alpha. Serological studies revealed a close relatedness of the lipopolysaccharides of C. werkmanii PCM 1548 and PCM 1549, both belonging to serogroup O14. In immunoblotting, anti-C. werkmanii PCM 1548 serum showed no cross-reactivity with the O-polysaccharide bands of the lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter youngae PCM 1550 (serogroup O16) and Hafnia alvei PCM 1207, also containing a lateral glycerol phosphate residue.
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PMID:Structure of the glycerol phosphate-containing O-specific polysaccharide and serological studies on the lipopolysaccharides of Citrobacter werkmanii PCM 1548 and PCM 1549 (serogroup O14). 1881 20

Common salt (NaCl) is frequently used by the food industry to add flavor and to act as a humectant in order to reduce the water content of a food product. The improved health awareness of consumers is leading to a demand for food products with reduced salt content; thus, manufacturers require alternative water activity-reducing agents which elicit the same general effects as NaCl. Two examples include KCl and glycerol. These agents lower the water activity of a food matrix and also contribute to limit the growth of the microbiota, including foodborne pathogens. Little is currently known about how foodborne pathogens respond to these water activity-lowering agents. Here we examined the response of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium 4/74 to NaCl, KCl, and glycerol at three time points, using a constant water activity level, compared with the response of a control inoculum. All conditions induced the upregulation of gluconate metabolic genes after 6 h of exposure. Bacteria exposed to NaCl and KCl demonstrated the upregulation of the osmoprotective transporter mechanisms encoded by the proP, proU, and osmU (STM1491 to STM1494) genes. Glycerol exposure elicited the downregulation of these osmoadaptive mechanisms but stimulated an increase in lipopolysaccharide and membrane protein-associated genes after 1 h. The most extensive changes in gene expression occurred following exposure to KCl. Because many of these genes were of unknown function, further characterization may identify KCl-specific adaptive processes that are not stimulated by NaCl. This study shows that the response of S. Typhimurium to different humectants does not simply reflect reduced water activity and likely involves systems that are linked to specific humectants.
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PMID:Exposure of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium to Three Humectants Used in the Food Industry Induces Different Osmoadaptation Systems. 2620 72

Aquaglyceroporins-aquaporin membrane channels (AQP) that conduct glycerol and other small neutral solutes in addition to water-play major roles in obesity. In adipocytes, aquaglyceroporins mediate glycerol uptake and release across the plasma membrane, which are two key steps for triacylglycerols (TAGs) synthesis (lipogenesis) and hydrolysis (lipolysis). The aim of this study was to assess both glycerol permeability and metabolism in undifferentiated 3T3-L1 cells (UDCs) as well as in untreated (CTL-DCs) versus lipopolysaccharide (LPS-DCs)-treated differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Glycerol release, TAGs content and whole membrane glycerol permeability were significantly increased in DCs as compared to UDCs. Moreover, in DCs, LPS treatment significantly increased TAGs content and decreased glycerol permeability. In addition, a significant reduction in whole membrane glycerol permeability was observed in LPS-DCs as compared to CTL-DCs. The relative contributions of AQP3, AQP7 and AQP9 (facilitated diffusion), as well as that of the phospholipid bilayer (simple diffusion), to the whole membrane glycerol permeability, were estimated biophysically in UDCs, CTL-DCs and LPS-DCs, using selective AQP inhibitors. Further studies will be required to determine if modifications in either subcellular localization and/or activity of aquaglyceroporins could account for the data herein. Nevertheless, our findings provide novel insights in understanding the LPS-induced adipocyte hypertrophy that accompanies obesity.
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PMID:Lipopolysaccharide Modifies Glycerol Permeability and Metabolism in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes. 2918 31