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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Some soluble exoantigens of Plasmodium have lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-like properties and are believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of acute malaria. We have studied cellular and humoral immune responses to several purified exoantigens of Plasmodium falciparum in a cohort of children and compared these responses with their subsequent susceptibility to malaria infection and clinical disease. We found no evidence that either lymphoproliferative or interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) responses to these antigens were associated with protective immunity. On the contrary, children whose cells produced IFN-gamma after in vitro activation with one of the soluble antigens (Ag7) were more likely to experience clinical manifestations of malaria infection (fever and malaise) than were children whose cells did not produce IFN-gamma. It is possible that exoantigen-induced IFN-gamma may exacerbate the LPS-like effects of these antigens. However, serum antibodies to another antigen (Ag2) were more prevalent in children with asymptomatic infections or low parasitemia than in children with fever and higher parasitemia (confirmed clinical malaria), suggesting that these antibodies may contribute to the development of protective immunity.
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PMID:Immune response to soluble exoantigens of Plasmodium falciparum may contribute to both pathogenesis and protection in clinical malaria: evidence from a longitudinal, prospective study of semi-immune African children. 190 73

Seven patients with advanced epithelial carcinoma and ascites, relapsing after two or more regimens of standard chemotherapy, have been treated with recombinant gamma-interferon (rIFN-gamma) i.p., via a permanent catheter. rIFN-gamma (Immuneron; Biogen; 0.5 mg = 10(7) IU in 2 liters of saline) was administered 3 times a week, on alternate weeks, for a total of nine courses. No major toxicities were observed: mild fever, malaise, and a flu-like syndrome occurred in all patients. The modulation of immunological parameters was studied. Cytotoxic activity of immunocompetent cells against tumor cell lines was measured both in the peritoneal compartment and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A significant increase of cytotoxicity of tumor-associated macrophages was observed in 5 of 7 patients and in 4 of 7 patients with tumor-associated peritoneal lymphocytes. Circulating effector cells were only occasionally stimulated. Tumor-associated macrophages isolated from the ascitic fluid and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide produced higher amounts of interleukin 1 in 5 of 6 patients tested, while interleukin 6 production by unstimulated tumor-associated macrophages was augmented in 2 of 2 patients after rIFN-gamma treatment. Freshly isolated ovarian carcinoma cells from the ascitic fluid has a variable, although usually low, expression of HLA-DR antigens. rIFN-gamma treatment caused a marked increase in HLA-DR expression in all patients tested. Expression of HLA class I antigens was negative in 2 of 5 patients and was strongly increased in 1 of the 2 after treatment. The observation that rIFN-gamma administered i.p. activates in situ effector cells and augments major histocompatibility antigen expression in tumor cells, with minimal toxicity, encourages further efforts to investigate its therapeutic potential in ovarian carcinoma.
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PMID:Intraperitoneal recombinant gamma-interferon in patients with recurrent ascitic ovarian carcinoma: modulation of cytotoxicity and cytokine production in tumor-associated effectors and of major histocompatibility antigen expression on tumor cells. 212 37

The enzyme-amplified immunoassay IDEIA (CellTech Diagnostics), which measures lipopolysaccharide antigen, and Chlamydiazyme (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.), which measures several antigenic components of Chlamydia trachomatis, were compared for specimens from urethral swabs from 235 men attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases (culture prevalence of 14.9%) and 458 endocervical swabs from women attending planned parenthood and obstetrics-gynecology clinics (culture prevalences of 5.9 and 7.7%, respectively). Compared with cell culture, the percent sensitivites, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values for IDEIA were 62.5, 99.5, 95.2, and 94.3%, respectively, for specimens from men and 96.3, 97.9, 74.3, and 99.8%, respectively, for specimens from women; results for Chlamydiazyme for specimens from men were 81.8, 99.5, 96.4, and 97.1%, respectively, and for specimens from women, results were 85.2, 99.3, 88.5, and 99.1%, respectively. Although the specificities of IDEIA and Chlamydiazyme were comparable, the sensitivity of IDEIA appeared higher for women (96.3%) than for men (67.5%), while the sensitivities of Chlamydiazyme were similar for men (81.8%) and women (85.2%). Western blot (immunoblot) analysis of the detector reagents from the two immunoassays indicated that the differences in performance observed for the two immunoassays may be due to measurement of different antigens.
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PMID:Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infections by cell culture and two enzyme immunoassays detecting different chlamydial antigens. 267 91

Youmans, Guy P. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.), and Anne S. Youmans. Nonspecific factors in resistance of mice to experimental tuberculosis. J. Bacteriol. 90:1675-1681. 1965.-In contrast to viable attenuated mycobacterial cells, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) did not produce an acute pulmonary granulomatous response in mice, did not decrease the tolerance of mice to early subsequent intravenous injections of viable attenuated mycobacterial cells, nor did it increase susceptibility to tuberculous infection when injected simultaneously with virulent mycobacterial cells. When the injection of E. coli LPS was followed by the intravenous injection of virulent mycobacterial cells, there was a moderate increase in resistance to tuberculous infection which was maximal 7 to 14 days after the LPS injection. The degree of increased resistance to tuberculous infection was approximately the same as that produced by nearly maximal tolerated doses of heat-killed attenuated mycobacterial cells, and to that produced by a trichloroacetic acid extract of heat-killed attenuated mycobacterial cells. It is suggested that the major, if not entire, immunizing component of heat-killed attenuated mycobacterial cells resides in a heat-stable "nonspecific" component. A "multiple response" theory of immunity to tuberculosis is proposed.
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PMID:Nonspecific factors in resistance of mice to experimental tuberculosis. 495 57

A gonococcal pilus vaccine or placebo was injected subcutaneously or intramuscularly into 71 human volunteers. The vaccine was found to be safe. The principal adverse reaction was a complaint of a sore arm, which was caused, at least in part, to the volume of material injected. 6 of 64 (9%) volunteers receiving the larger doses also complained of malaise. The vaccine was found to be antigenic. All of the volunteers developed an immunoglobulin class-specific antibody response as measured by a solid phase radioimmunoassay. The antibody was capable of blocking the attachment of gonococci to epithelial cells. A slight antibody response was also demonstrated to gonococcal lipopolysaccharide but the antibody responsible for blocking attachment of gonococci was directed entirely at the pilus protein. The stimulated antibodies were shown to crossreact with isolated pili of heterologous gonococcal strains and to block the attachment of heterologous gonococci. Absorption of immune sera by a heterologous pilus reduced the inhibition of attachment antibodies to pre-immune level, suggesting that the immune response was directed at a common pilus determinant.
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PMID:Gonococcal pilus vaccine. Studies of antigenicity and inhibition of attachment. 611 23

The clinical and immunological responses to typhoid vaccination with parenteral and oral vaccines in two groups of 30 adult male subjects were studied. Specific anti-Salmonella typhi cell-mediated immunity and total or specific anti-lipopolysaccharide faecal immunoglobulin (Ig) A titres in vaccinated subjects were monitored. Cellular antibacterial activity was significantly increased only in orally vaccinated subjects. Serum arming activity and inhibition experiments suggested an IgA-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in those orally vaccinated. In these subjects, a total and anti-lipopolysaccharide faecal IgA increase was observed lasting up to 8 months after completion of the vaccination schedule. In parenteral vaccinated subjects, an early onset transitory increase of IgM rheumatoid factor was observed. Oral vaccine was well tolerated and free of side effects, whereas 65% of parenterally vaccinated subjects reported side effects such as fever, headache, malaise and local tenderness in the injection site.
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PMID:Clinical and immunological response to typhoid vaccination with parenteral or oral vaccines in two groups of 30 recruits. 848 16

Endotoxemia occurs when intestinal ischemia allows bacterial lipopolysaccharide to translocate from colonic flora into the bloodstream, which triggers release of cytokines that can cause hypotension, rigors, fever, shock, and even death. Recently, blood endotoxin levels were shown to be higher in athletes needing medical attention (330 pg.ml-1) than in their competitors with similar performances (81 pg.ml-1). Though there were no data showing that these athletes had elevated core temperatures or severe illness, speculation followed that endotoxin may play a causal role in heat stroke. We examined the relationship between endotoxemia and mild post-exertional illness in 39 cyclists after a 100-mile ride. Thirteen cyclists had at least one of the following: orthostatic hypotension, rigors, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or syncope. Only 2/26 case-controls had any of these symptoms. Data were collected on vital signs, hemoglobin, sodium, creatine kinase, creatinine, and uric acid. Endotoxin titer was determined by chromogenic assay; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) titer was determined by ELISA. One ill cyclist had an endotoxin level of 330 pg.ml-1, one control had an endotoxin level of 150 pg.ml-1, but endotoxin level was < or = 64 pg.ml-1 in all others. Comparison of pre- and post-ride data showed that controls increased creatine kinase activity (154 +/- 34 vs 561 +/- 191 IU.dl, P < 0.05), creatinine concentration (1.5 +/- 0.0 vs 1.6 +/- 0.0 mg.dl-1, P < 0.05), and uric acid concentration (5.4 +/- 0.3 vs 6.3 +/- 0.3 mg.dl-1, P < 0.05). Ill cyclists had lower serum sodium than post-ride controls (138 +/- 2 vs 142 +/- 0.6 mEq.l-1, P < 0.05), but there were no differences between groups in CK, creatinine, or uric acid. These findings suggest that endotoxemia may complicate, but does not cause mild post-exertional illness in cyclists.
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PMID:Exercise-associated collapse in cyclists is unrelated to endotoxemia. 853 21

Immune activation, either by cytokines or endotoxin, elicits a constellation of nonspecific symptoms such as weakness, malaise, listlessness, fatigue, adipsia, anorexia, depression and anxiety collectively termed as sickness behavior. Further, endotoxin administration in animals has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many types of liver disease. Green tea, a common household drink, is rich in antioxidant polyphenols demonstrating inhibitory effects on cytokine production. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic treatment of green tea extract (GTE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behavior and liver damage in rats. The hypothesis was tested through the analysis of LPS-induced behavioral changes in rats, in plus maze and open field paradigms. Other parameters such as feeding and water consumption, weight loss and organ weight index were also estimated. Liver function tests were conducted to investigate the effect of GTE supplementation on LPS-induced hepatic dysfunction. The results of the study demonstrated that GTE significantly attenuated LPS-induced sickness behavior as well as hepatic damage either by its antioxidant activity or by inhibiting LPS induced cytokine production in rats.
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PMID:Green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract ameliorates endotoxin induced sickness behavior and liver damage in rats. 1644 65

The host response to infections comprise the synthesis and release of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-1ss, TNF-alpha, IL-6) which induce symptoms of sickness behavior characterised by anorexia, depressed activity, listlessness or malaise. In laboratory animals, sickness behavior can be induced by the administration of cytokines itself or by cytokine-inducers such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the active fragment of endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria. Preparations from roots of Pelargonium sidoides have been traditionally used in South African folk medicine for the treatment of different diseases (e.g. diarrhea, dysmenorrhea, hepatic disorders and respiratory tract infections including tuberculosis). Today, aqueous ethanolic extracts of Pelargonium sidoides are marketed mainly for respiratory tract infections. We studied the effects of the extract EPs 7630 and different fractions separated by ultrafiltration in an animal model of sickness behavior. The results of this study demonstrate that the extract EPs 7630 and the high-molecular weight fraction (F3) alleviate the symptoms of sickness behavior.
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PMID:Inhibition of lipopolysaccharid-induced sickness behavior by a dry extract from the roots of Pelargonium sidoides (EPs 7630) in mice. 1718 37

Responding for rewarding brain stimulation has been used to track hedonic status in animals. In addition to neurochemical alterations, stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus or ventral tegmentum has been shown to influence immunological processes, including elevation of peripheral natural killer cell activity. In the present study, we examined whether ventral tegmental area (VTA) stimulation or environmental enrichment altered the severity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced sickness behaviors and the provocation of cytokine expression induced by the endotoxin. Accordingly, rats received either trials of brain stimulation reward or exposure to an enriched environment and subsequently challenged with 150 ug/kg i.p. of LPS. Groups receiving LPS and saline injections without further manipulation were also included. Using the real-time RT-PCR and a multiplex bead assay, mRNA and protein levels for several cytokines and their receptors were determined to evaluate how these may vary as a consequence of reward. Both brain stimulation and environmental enrichment similarly diminished sickness behaviors associated with the endotoxin. Receptor gene levels were generally stable across groups. Levels of IL-6 within the VTA were increased in the group receiving LPS challenge alone and environmental enrichment was associated with modestly reduced IL-6 levels within this brain region. Taken together, these data suggest that rewarding brain stimulation and environmental enrichment buffer against malaise provoked by endotoxin challenge. Moreover, IL-6 expression within the VTA may influence the development of sickness behavior following inflammatory stimuli.
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PMID:The effects of rewarding ventral tegmental area stimulation and environmental enrichment on lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behavior and cytokine expression in female rats. 1851 Oct 25


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