Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute- and convalescent-phase sera from 18 Thai patients and convalescent-phase sera from two Israeli patients and one Bangladeshi patient with Shigella dysenteriae 1 (Shiga) dysentery were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect antibodies that bind S. dysenteriae lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Shiga holotoxin, or two synthetic peptides representing epitopes from the B subunit of Shiga toxin. Paired sera from 24 Maryland adults with Shigella flexneri 2a or Shigella sonnei diarrhea served as negative controls. Of the 16 paired Thai serum samples tested for immunoglobulin G LPS antibody, 10 had greater than or equal to 4-fold rises (the two subjects with the highest convalescent-phase titers exhibited toxin-neutralizing activity); acute-phase specimens from four of the remaining six individuals already had elevated Shiga LPS titers in their acute specimens ranging from 1:800 to 1:12,800. Similarly, convalescent-phase sera from the two Israeli patients and the Bangladeshi patient revealed LPS titers of 1:800 to 1:3,200. In contrast, none of the Maryland volunteers with S. flexneri or S. sonnei diarrhea manifested rises in Shiga anti-LPS (P less than 0.00001 versus 10 of 16 Thai patients). Only 4 of the 18 Thai patients had significant rise in antibody to purified Shiga toxin, while one of the two Israeli patients and the one Bangladeshi patient had elevated convalescent-phase titers. None of the sera that reacted with Shiga holotoxin had antibody that bound to the peptides. This report, which describes a search for serum antibodies that bind Shiga toxin in patients with Shiga dysentery, demonstrates such antibodies in only a minority of patients with bacteriologically confirmed disease. During Shiga dysentery, Shiga toxin may be elaborated in such small quantities in vivo that it fails to elicit an immune response in most patients even though it may exert biological effects. In this behavior Shiga toxin resembles tetanus toxin, another potent exotoxin that fails to elicit antitoxic responses in people who recover from clinical tetanus.
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PMID:Antibodies to shiga holotoxin and to two synthetic peptides of the B subunit in sera of patients with Shigella dysenteriae 1 dysentery. 162 17

A live oral vaccine consisting of attenuated Salmonella typhi Ty21a expressing Vibrio cholerae O1 Inaba lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O antigen was constructed and tested in volunteers for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy. Fourteen adults ingested three doses of 10(10) viable organisms with buffer. One month later, 8 vaccinees and 13 unimmunized controls were challenged with 10(6) pathogenic V. cholerae O1 E1 T or Inaba organisms. No significant adverse reactions to vaccination were observed. All volunteers had significant rises in serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody to S. typhi LPS. Only 2 (14%) of 14 had significant rises in serum IgA or IgG antibody to Inaba LPS, and 5 (36%) of 14 had fourfold rises in vibriocidal antibody. In the challenge study, diarrhea occurred in 13 of 13 controls and 6 of 8 vaccinees (vaccine efficacy, 25%; P = 0.13). The vaccine significantly reduced the severity of the clinical illness (P less than 0.05) and caused decreased excretion of challenge vibrios (P less than 0.05). Although the typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine did not provide significant protection overall against experimental cholera, this study demonstrates the importance of antibody to V. cholerae O antigen in ameliorating clinical illness and illustrates the use of an S. typhi carrier vaccine strain expressing a foreign antigen.
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PMID:Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against cholera challenge in humans of a typhoid-cholera hybrid vaccine derived from Salmonella typhi Ty21a. 169 7

Triggering of the CD3 molecule by in vivo injection of the hamster anti-murine CD3 monoclonal antibody 145-2C11 in adult BALB/c mice leads to massive although transient T cell activation. High levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-2, IL-3 and IL-6 are released into the circulation 1 to 8 h after a single 10 micrograms 145-2C11 i.v. injection. This release induces an impressive self-limited physical reaction associating hypothermia, hypomotility (as assessed by actimetry), diarrhoea, piloerection and even death when high doses (a single dose of greater than 100 micrograms/mouse injection) are administered. In vivo injection of 145-2C11 to other selected mouse strains, namely NZW, CBA/J and C3H/HeJ, induced both different cytokine release patterns and sickness. 145-2C11 induced significant release of TNF and IL-2 in all four strains. At variance, IFN-gamma was only detected in BALB/c mice sera which, in terms of physical reaction (hypothermia and hypomotility) were the most affected. Higher and long-lasting circulating IL-3/GM-CSF levels were present in CBA/J sera, correlating with a later recovery. These results underline heterogeneity in the in vivo cell activation pattern among different mouse strains, when triggering T lymphocytes via the CD3/Ti molecule as compared to exclusive targeting of monocyte/macrophages by means of lipopolysaccharide.
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PMID:Inter-mouse strain differences in the in vivo anti-CD3 induced cytokine release. 172 Oct 15

Because the classic hemolytic-uremic syndrome has been etiologically linked to intestinal infections by Escherichia coli O157 and other verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), we examined 22 consecutive children with acute hemolytic-uremic syndrome for the presence of VTEC, using microbiologic methods, and for a specific immune response to O157 lipopolysaccharide in acute-phase and follow-up sera, using the indirect hemagglutination assay and the immunoblot procedure. Of 22 children with enteropathic hemolytic-uremic syndrome, 15 (68%) had evidence of VTEC infection by culture of the pathogen or detection of free verotoxin in the feces, or both. Significantly elevated titers of short-lived agglutinins and IgM class antibodies against the O157 lipopolysaccharide were found in 20 (91%) of 22 patients, but not in two of three patients with non-O157 E. coli isolates or in healthy children or children with diarrhea caused by other enteric pathogens (p less than 0.01). The combined microbiologic and serologic procedures provided evidence for VTEC infection in all 22 patients. The high incidence of anti-O157 lipopolysaccharide antibodies in these patients indicates the predominance and the pathogenic potential of this serogroup. Both serologic techniques proved to be valuable tools to further characterize this form of hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Future studies on the induction of protective immunity seem warranted.
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PMID:High incidence of serum antibodies to Escherichia coli O157 lipopolysaccharide in children with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. 188 Jun 50

During six days in November, 1987, 611 pupils (age range 7-19 years) and 39 adults (23-57) at a school complex in southern Finland had diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O111:B4. Diarrhoea developed in 137 other household members during the two weeks after the school outbreak. The source of the organism remains unknown. The outbreak strains, when incubated at 22 degrees C or exposed to ampicillin, lost the lipopolysaccharide O antigen and began to react with antisera against Salmonella typhi Vi antigen. The Vi antigen-like reactivity increased the adherence of the organisms to Hep-2 cells. These results indicate that E coli O111:B4, and possibly other enteropathogenic E coli strains, should be considered in the diagnosis of all diarrhoea cases and not only in infantile diarrhoea. Expression of Vi antigen in E coli may play a part in virulence by enhancing adherence to the intestinal epithelium.
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PMID:Outbreak of diarrhoea due to Escherichia coli O111:B4 in schoolchildren and adults: association of Vi antigen-like reactivity. 197 76

Only indirect evidence has been cited to document that lipopolysaccharide-mediated virulence at the bacterial level and serum antibodies to the O-specific side chain of the lipopolysaccharide molecule may prevent shigellosis. Our proposed use of the B subunit of Shiga toxin as a carrier protein is based upon evidence (even more indirect) that serum antitoxin may reduce the severity of dysentery and diarrhea. Because animal models of disease may provide information inapplicable to the prediction of vaccine-induced protective immunity, we suggest that clinical trials in the population at risk should be started after successful completion of the safety and immunogenicity phases of vaccine development in laboratory animals and in the target population. Clinical studies of shigella vaccines are difficult because of the many causes of dysentery in a population with a high rate of intestinal disease.
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PMID:O-specific side-chain toxin-protein conjugates as parenteral vaccines for the prevention of shigellosis and related diseases. 204 64

In this study, a paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) model was developed by intragastrically dosing gnotobiotic athymic nude mice with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The mice infrequently shed bacilli from their intestinal tracts during the first 4 months after inoculation. Following this time, increasing numbers of M. paratuberculosis (greater than 4.0 log10 bacilli per fecal pellet by 40 weeks) were recovered from the feces of the 12 mice that remained in the isolator. A similar pattern of recovery of M. paratuberculosis was obtained from the ileum, cecum, colon, and liver. Histopathologic lesions and acid-fast bacilli were rare during the first 4 months of infection and then, with time, increased in prevalence and severity. Mice maintained for 7 months or longer exhibited severe granulomatous inflammation and large numbers of acid-fast bacilli in the gastrointestinal tract and liver (up to 10(8) log10 colony forming units per gram wet weight). Five mice maintained for 7 months or more developed clinical signs consistent with those seen in paratuberculosis (weight loss, chronic diarrhea); three of these mice eventually died or became moribund and were euthanatized. M. paratuberculosis monoassociated mice released increased levels of tumor necrosis factor activity into their sera, as compared to uninfected control mice, when they were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The clinical signs, fecal shedding of M. paratuberculosis, granuloma formation, and progressive bacillary multiplication observed with these mice are consistent with naturally occurring M. paratuberculosis infection of ruminants (Johne's disease). This model will be useful for future studies of immunoregulation and antimicrobial therapy of paratuberculosis.
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PMID:Mycobacterium paratuberculosis monoassociated nude mice as a paratuberculosis model. 206 15

Fifty Escherichia coli strains belonging to nine classic EPEC (enteropathogenic E. coli) O:H serotypes from infantile diarrhea were examined for enzyme polymorphism and typed according to their multilocus genotypes. They were further examined for lipopolysaccharide (LPS) patterns by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by silver staining, for localized adhesion to HEp2 cells, and for their outer membrane protein (OMP) pattern. A very close relationship was detected among electrophoretic type, O:H serotype, biotype, LPS type, and OMP pattern. Most likely these characteristic EPEC groups (all type I) each represented bacterial clones, and furthermore they could be grouped into two genetically closely related clusters. In each cluster the only phenotypic character that differed among strains was the O antigen, which might suggest that the genetic background for the LPS side chains can be transferred horizontally among EPEC strains. The results support the idea that O:H serotyping is useful for studies of epidemiologic linkages between cases of EPEC diarrhea.
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PMID:Clonal relationships among classic enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) belong to different O groups. 219 12

The minimum number of doses of a live aromatic dependent (aro-) Salmonella typhimurium vaccine strain (SL1479), given by the intramuscular, oral or subcutaneous route required to protect sheep from experimentally-induced clinical salmonellosis, was determined. A significant reduction in mortalities and diarrhoea occurred in those sheep immunised with one or 2 intramuscular doses or 2 subcutaneous doses. On the other hand, sheep immunised with one subcutaneous dose were not protected. Immunisation with one or 2 oral doses also resulted in a significant reduction in mortality, although reduction in the prevalence of severe diarrhoea was less consistent. Sheep immunised with a single intramuscular dose of aro- S. typhimurium developed high levels of serum antibodies and significant delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity response to homologous Salmonella lipopolysaccharide and flagellin, whereas those with a single oral dose did not. It was concluded that immunisation of sheep with a single oral or intramuscular dose of live aro- S. typhimurium reduced mortalities and the prevalence of diarrhoea in sheep due to infection with virulent S. typhimurium.
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PMID:Evaluation of protection against experimental salmonellosis in sheep immunised with 1 or 2 doses of live aromatic-dependent Salmonella typhimurium. 222 77

Long periods in space may expose astronauts to the potentially harmful effects of ionizing radiation. We have used a primate model to evaluate any role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) in radiation sickness. Vervet monkeys, which had been whole-body 60Co irradiated with an LD100 exposure, had periodic blood samples taken for the determination of LPS, anti-LPS IgG antibodies and bacteriological studies. On day 2 post-irradiation, primates were treated i.m. with either sterile 0.9% saline, or equine anti-LPS hyperimmune plasma (Anti-LPS), or orally with tripotassium-dicitrato-bismuthate ("Denol"). Gram positive bacteria were evident in blood samples of all animals as early as 2 d post-irradiation. Gram negative bacteria were found in the blood of saline- and Denol-treated primates by days 5 and 8, respectively, but first appeared on day 13 in the anti-LPS-treated animals. The saline controls and Denol-treated animals showed insignificant rises in plasma LPS on day 3, which increased further thereafter achieving significance on day 8 (p less than 0.01). These elevated levels persisted until death. However, in anti-LPS-treated monkeys, LPS concentrations remained below baseline until day 9, after which they rose significantly until death, but, were significantly less than the concentrations in both other groups (p less than 0.001). The anti-LPS-treated animals survived significantly longer than both the other groups (p less than 0.005). Since LPS may cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia and headaches, Anti-LPS administration may be of value in reducing plasma LPS concentration in humans and improving their performance and survivability.
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PMID:Anti-LPS antibodies reduce endotoxemia in whole body 60Co irradiated primates: a preliminary report. 224 44


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