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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The mobility of phospholipid chains in membranes of liposomes consisting of egg lecitin, cholesterol, dicetylphosphate, sensitized by the lipopolysaccharide antigen F. tularensis by the action of a homologous antiserum and a rabbit complement preparation was studied using 5- and 16-doxylstearate spin probes. It was shown that, during the immune lysis of liposome membranes, changes in the dynamics of spin probes occur, which correlate with the formation of transmembrane channels and exit of the fluorescent marker from the interior of liposomes. It was found that the ratio of the intensities I1/I2 of two low-field extrema in the ESR spectrum is most sensitive to changes in the liposome membrane that are induced by immune components.
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PMID:[Change in the dynamics of a spin probe in complement-dependent lysis of a liposome]. 1185 89

We previously found that one of the pharmacological effects of N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone (PBN) is the release of nitric oxide (NO) under oxidative conditions. However, to confirm this hypothesis in vivo, NO released from PBN must be distinguished from NO produced in biological systems, and therefore we undertook the synthesis of PBN using labeled 15N to identify its corresponding 15NO in vivo. The properties were examined with an ESR spectrometer. To synthesize 15N-PBN, the starting material, ammonium-15N chloride, was converted to 2-amino-15N-2-methylpropane, oxidized to 2-methyl-2-nitropropane-15N, and finally reacted with benzaldehyde to give 15N-PBN. The final product was purified by repeated sublimation. With ferrous sulfate-methyl glucamine dithiocarbamate complex, Fe (MGD)2, as a trapping agent to measure the NO levels of 15N-PBN or 14N-PBN in vitro, the peak intensity of 15NO[Fe(MGD)2] was over 50% stronger than that of 14NO[Fe(MGD)2], and that 15NO and 14NO had the corresponding two-and three line hyperfine structures due to their nuclear spin quantum numbers. Subsequently, the ESR spectrum of 15NO derived from 15N-PBN was significantly different than that of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO, which was derived from biological cells, and therefore we have demonstrated the possibility to distinguish 15NO from PBN and 14NO generated from cells. These results suggested that 15N-PBN is a useful molecule, not only as a spin-trapping agent, but also as an NO donor to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of PBN in vivo.
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PMID:ESR characterization of a novel spin-trapping agent, 15N-labeled N-tert-butyl-alpha-phenylnitrone, as a nitric oxide donor. 1245 Jan 31

Ferulic acid and eugenol were examined for their superoxide (O2-), hydroxyl radical (.OH) and nitric oxide (NO)-scavenging ability, using ESR spectroscopy with spin trap agents DMPO and carboxy-PTIO/NOC-7. Ferulic acid more efficiently scavenged .OH and NO than eugenol. The O2- scavenging activity of ferulic acid was comparable with that of eugenol. Ferulic acid significantly reduced the NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like cells (Raw 264.7 cells) compared to eugenol. The cytotoxic activity of ferulic acid against Raw 264.7 cells was comparable with that against human submandibular gland carcinoma (HSG) cells and the cytotoxicity of ferulic acid was about 10-fold smaller than that of eugenol. The stoichiometric factor (n) (number of moles of peroxy radical trapped by moles of the relevant phenol) of ferulic acid and eugenol was investigated, using the induction period methods of the methyl methacrylate polymerization system. The n-value of ferulic acid (1.5) was higher than that of eugenol (1.0) and was similar to that of 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). Ferulic acid as well as eugenol may produce a dimer during the induction period due to an n-value less than 2. These results suggested that ferulic acid may be useful for preventing cell damage perhaps caused by O2-, and in particular by .OH and NO, in living systems.
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PMID:Radical scavenging activity and cytotoxicity of ferulic acid. 1252 86

We investigated the effects of iron on the production of nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and plasma cytokines induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vivo. Male Wistar rats were preloaded with a single intravenous injection of saccharated colloidal iron (Fesin, 70 mg iron/kg body weight) or normal saline as a control, and then given an intraperitoneal injection of LPS (5.0 mg/kg body weight). Rats, preloaded with iron, had evidence of both iron deposition and strong iNOS induction in liver Kupffer cells upon injection of LPS; phagocytic cells in the spleen and lung had similar findings. LPS-induced NO production in iron-preloaded rats was significantly higher than control rats as accessed by NO-hemoglobin levels measured by ESR (electron spin resonance) and NOx (nitrate plus nitrite) levels. Western blot analysis showed that iron preloading significantly enhanced LPS-induced iNOS induction in the liver, but not in the spleen or lung. LPS-induced plasma levels of IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha were also significantly higher in iron-preloaded rats as shown by ELISA, but IFN-gamma levels were unchanged. We conclude that colloidal-iron phagocytosed by liver Kupffer cells enhanced LPS-induced NO production in vivo, iNOS induction in the liver, and release of IL-6, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha.
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PMID:Saccharated colloidal iron enhances lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in vivo. 1275 53

Within the central nervous system uncontrolled production of large amounts of nitric oxide (NO) by activated glial cells might be the common pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. In the present investigation, we measured the effect of a novel antioxidant gamma-L-glutamyl-S-[2-[[[3,4-dihydro-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2-(4,8,12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl]oxy]carbonyl]-3-[[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]amino]-3-oxopropyl]-L-cysteinyl-glycine sodium salt (ESeroS-GS) on NO production in cultured rat astrocytes. Upon stimulation with 1 microg/mL lipopolysaccharide plus 100 U/mL interferon-gamma which induced the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cultured astrocytes generated large amounts of NO as measured by nitrite assay and ESR technique. The endogenous NO caused oxidative damage in astrocytes, which was confirmed by the accumulation of both cytosolic and extracellular peroxides, the decrease in the cellular glutathione level, and the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substrates. Production of endogenous NO resulted in cell death finally. Pretreatment with the novel antioxidant ESeroS-GS effectively decreased the expression of iNOS gene, inhibited the formation of endogenous NO, and prevented NO-induced oxidative damage and cell death in astrocytes. The results suggest that ESeroS-GS might be used as a potential agent for the prevention and therapy of diseases associated with the overproduction of NO by activated astrocytes.
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PMID:The antioxidant ESeroS-GS inhibits NO production and prevents oxidative stress in astrocytes. 1281 68

Phenolcarboxylic acids (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid) and their dehydrogenation polymer (DHP) were compared for their ability to inhibit the nitric oxide (NO) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated mouse macrophage-like cells Raw 264.7 and to scavenge superoxide (O2-) (generated by hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase reaction), hydroxyl radical (generated by Fenton reaction) and NO radical (generated by NOC-7), using ESR spectroscopy in vitro. All phenolcarboxylic acids effectively inhibited the NO production by activated Raw 264.7 cells. Among them, caffeic acid showed the highest cytotoxic activity, radical intensity and O2- scavenging activity, but the least NO scavenging activity. Caffeic acid also inhibited the NO production most effectively. Polymers of caffeic acid (DHP-CA) and p-coumaric acid (DHP-pCA) showed higher cytotoxicity, radical intensity and radical scavenging activity and more efficiently inhibited the NO production, as compared with the corresponding monomers. DHP-CA showed higher radical generation and O2- scavenging activity than DHP-pCA. The potent O2- scavenging activity of caffeic acid was probably due to the chemical reaction of O2- to the cathecol groups. Caffeic acid, DHP-CA and DHP-pCA induced the cytotoxicity, possibly due to autogenerating radicals, because these compounds efficiently produced radicals under alkaline conditions. In summary, caffeic acid acted as a polyphenolics in phenylcarboxylic acids. A possible link between cytotoxicity and radical generation of phenylcarboxylic acids is proposed.
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PMID:Inhibition of NO production by activated macrophages by phenolcarboxylic acid monomers and polymers with radical scavenging activity. 1282 Mar 89

The extract of Barbados cherry (acerola fruit), a fruit of Malpighia emarginata DC., has been reported to display diverse biological activities such as prevention of age-related diseases. We investigated here the possible effect of Barbados cherry extract on nitric oxide (NO) production by activated macrophages. Barbados cherry was roughly separated into 4 or 5 fractions by two different methods, using various organic solvents such as hexane, acetone, methanol (70% and 100%) and water, and assayed for its ability to inhibit NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells. Among these fractions, AcOEt extracts (AE0) in Method I and acetone extract (A0) in Method II showed the highest inhibitory activity of NO production (SI > 20 and SI = 31, respectively). When these fractions were subjected to silica gel column chromatography, higher inhibitory activity for NO production was concentrated in AcOEt (AE6) (SI = 64) and benzene-AcOEt (1:4) (A10) fractions (SI > 59). Western blot analysis demonstrated that AE6 and A10 fractions reduced the intracellular concentration of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) by approximately one-third. ESR spectroscopy showed that these fractions scavenged various radical species such as superoxide anion (O2-) and NO radicals. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect on NO production by Barbados cherry extracts is partly due to the inhibition of iNOS expression, and scavenging of O2- and NO radicals.
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PMID:Inhibition of LPS-stimulated NO production in mouse macrophage-like cells by Barbados cherry, a fruit of Malpighia emarginata DC. 1292 58

Three hot water extracts of black tea, green tea and powdered green tea and five Chinese medicines (Shosaiko-tou, Orengedoku-tou, Goshuyu-tou, Choto-san, Keishininjinn-tou) were investigated for their ability to modify nitric oxide (NO) production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells, and for their cytotoxicity, radical intensity and scavenging activity. All eight materials significantly reduced the extracellular concentration of NO in the LPS-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. ESR spectroscopy shows that tea extracts, which had higher cytotoxicity, generated higher amounts of radicals, and more efficiently scavenged O2- (generated by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction), hydroxyl radical (generated by Fenton reaction) and NO (generated by 1-hydroxyl-2-oxo-3-(N-3-methyl-3-aminopropyl)-3-methyl-1-triazene) than Chinese medicines. Close association between the radical intensity and radical scavenging activity suggests their bimodal (anti-oxidant and pro-oxidant) action. Pretreatment of mice with tea extracts significantly reduced the lethality of Escherichia coli-infection. All tea extracts showed no apparent anti-HIV activity. The present study demonstrates, for the first time, several attractive features of tea extracts in comparison with Chinese medicines, suggesting the possible application of the tea extracts for radical-mediated diseases.
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PMID:Comparison of cytotoxicity and radical scavenging activity between tea extracts and Chinese medicines. 1475 24

We investigated 2 isoflavones and 9 isoflavanones from Sophora species for their cytotoxic activity against 3 normal human cells (gingival fibroblast, pulp cell, periodontal ligament fibroblast) and 2 human tumor cell lines (squamous cell carcinoma HSC-2, submandibular gland carcinoma HSG). Compounds with 2 isoprenyl groups (one in A-ring and the other in B-ring) such as tetrapterol G [YS31] and isosophoranone [YS24], and those with alpha,alpha-dimethylallyl group at C-5' of B-ring [YS26 (secundifloran), YS27 (secundiflorol A), YS28 (secundiflorol D), YS29 (secundiflorol E)] showed relatively higher cytotoxic activity. When hydrophobicity was assessed by octanol-water partition coefficient (log P), the maximum cytotoxic activity was observed at a log P value around 4. Compounds with intermediate cytotoxic activity [YS27, genistein, YS28, YS29, YS30 (secundiflorol F)] showed relatively higher tumor specificity. All isoflavones and isoflavanones did not stimulate the nitric oxide (NO) production by mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells, but almost completely inhibited the NO production by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated Raw 264.7 cells. ESR spectroscopy showed that YS26 and YS28, which are the most inhibitory for NO production, efficiently scavenged superoxide anion and NO radicals. These data suggest that the inhibition of macrophage NO production by these isoflavanones may, at least in part, be explained by their radical scavenging or reduction activity.
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PMID:Cytotoxicty and radical modulating activity of isoflavones and isoflavanones from Sophora species. 1527 13

Seven Chinese medicines were investigated for their ability to modify nitric oxide (NO) production by unstimulated and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse macrophage-like Raw 264.7 cells, in comparison with their radical intensity and scavenging activity. LPS significantly stimulated the NO production by Raw 264.7 cells. Three Chinese medicines, Shosaiko-to, Hange-shashin-to and Sairei-to (tentatively classified as Group I), significantly reduced the extracellular concentration of NO in the LPS-stimulated cells, slightly below their cytotoxic concentrations. On the other hand, another four Chinese medicines, Byakko-ka-ninjin-to, Hochu-ekki-to, Juzen-taiho-to and Ninjin-yoei-to (tentatively classified as Group II), showed similar effects, but required higher concentrations due to the co-existence of both the inhibitors and stimulators for NO production by activated macrophages. Western blot analysis demonstrated that LPS stimulated the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) at both protein and mRNA levels, and that Sairei-to reduced the LPS-induced iNOS expression more potently than did Juzen-taiho-to. ESR spectroscopy shows that Group I medicines generally produced higher amounts of radicals under alkaline condition, and scavenged superoxide (produced by hypoxanthine-xanthine oxidase reaction) and NO (produced by NOC-7, NO generator) more potently than Group II medicines. These data support the classification of Chinese medicines into two groups: Group I and Group II. The net inhibition of NO production by Group I medicines may be the summation of the radical scavenging activity and the inhibition of iNOS expression due to higher cytotoxicity. Group II medicines showed lower cytotoxicity, lower radical intensity, lower radical scavenging activity, but higher stimulation activity for NO production by macrophages than Group I, suggesting their possible application for immunopotentiation.
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PMID:Effect of two different groups of Chinese medicines on nitric oxide production by mouse macrophage-like cells. 1564 19


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