Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We report the expression of both interleukin-6 (IL6) messenger RNA and biological activity in complete Freund's adjuvant-elicited peritoneal macrophages (CFA-M phi). IL6 mRNA expression peaked between 4 and 8 h of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation; biological activity was maximal at approximately 18 h of stimulation. LPS-induced IL6 mRNA was inhibited by treatment with cycloheximide (5 micrograms/ml), implicating the participation of a secondary protein mediator in the induction process, or the dependence upon protein synthesis for receptor ligand interactions. Comparison of CFA-M phi with resident peritoneal macrophages suggests that the elicited cell population makes more IL6 in response to LPS than the resident population on a per cell basis.
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PMID:Interleukin-6 expression in immunologically elicited murine macrophages. 147 83

The present study examined the effect of pulse treatment with the in vitro active synthetic derivative of cyclophosphamide (CY), 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HPCY), and exposure to X-irradiation on the in vitro Concanavalin A (ConA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and antigen-specific blastogenic responses of in vivo-primed lymph node cells. Primed lymph node cells from CY-pretreated, aggregated (A) human IgG-complete Freund's adjuvant (AHGG-CFA)-immunized mice were untreated, exposed to various doses of irradiation, or pulse treated with different concentrations of 4-HPCY before being cultured in medium alone or in medium containing HGG, ConA, or LPS. The results show that HGG-responding and LPS-responding cells exhibited similar dose-inactivation profiles following exposure to irradiation or pulse treatment with 4-HPCY. More than 75% of reactivity was eliminated by exposure to 100 rads or pulse treatment with 20 microM 4-HPCY. In contrast to preculture pulse treatment with 4-HPCY, however, when primed lymph node cells were cultured in medium containing 4-HPCY (culture treatment) LPS-responding cells were shown to be more sensitive to inactivation than HGG-responding cells. The data further show that the effect of low-dose irradiation and of culture treatment with 4-HPCY on the HGG-specific response of primed lymph node cells was additive, suggesting that these agents inactivate different cell subtypes that contribute to the HGG-specific response in vitro.
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PMID:Evidence that X-irradiation and 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide affects different lymphocytes that respond to specific antigen in vitro. 257 36

The role of cytokines in health and disease has received increasing attention and numerous investigations have explored the regulation of cytokine gene expression. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF) has received particular attention because of its central role in septic shock and more recent work has shown its participation in transplant immunology. We explored the mechanism of cyclosporine A (CsA) modulation of complete Freunds adjuvant macrophage (CFA-MO) TNF gene expression. From 0.001 to 1 microgram/ml, CsA dose-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced secreted bioactivity; at doses above 10 micrograms/ml CSA was directly toxic to CFA-MO. However, there was no suppression of TNF mRNA levels, and CsA also did not inhibit the accumulation of cell-associated TNF. Thus, CsA modulates TNF gene expression in a previously undescribed manner.
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PMID:Cyclosporine A inhibits TNF production without decreasing TNF mRNA levels. 273 9

Fifteen patients hospitalized with acute, watery diarrhea and with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) detected from stool samples were studied to evaluate the extent to which natural ETEC diarrhea induces local and systemic antibody responses to E. coli heat-labile toxin (LT), homologous lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and colonization factors (CFA/I and CFA/II). Specific IgA and IgG antibodies to LT, CFA I and II, and each patient's homologous LPS were determined by ELISA in serum, saliva, breastmilk, and intestinal lavage fluid. The majority of patients had greater than a twofold rise in local levels of IgA antibodies in the intestine: 80% of LT+ patients responded to LT, 63% of CFA+ patients responded to CFA, and 78% of all toxin-positive patients responded to the LPS of their infecting strain. Local antibody responses in the intestine were associated with responses in breastmilk and saliva, but relationships were not clear-cut, and the usefulness of these secretions as proxy measures of local intestinal antibody production remains unclear. Antibody responses in serum also occurred in most patients and were significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. This study demonstrates that natural ETEC disease results in local IgA responses to LT, CFA, and LPS in the gut and also in immune responses in breastmilk, saliva, and serum.
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PMID:Local and systemic antibody responses to naturally acquired enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli diarrhea in an endemic area. 351 29

Natural and synthetic adjuvants of microbial origin were compared for their capacity to potentiate the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) with the autoantigen mouse thyroglobulin (MTg). Regardless of the immunomodulator used, severe thyroiditis was observed only in EAT-susceptible strains of the k haplotype and not in EAT-resistant strains of the d haplotype. Compared to phenol-extracted lipopolysaccharide, a potent adjuvant for enhancing EAT induction, phthalyl-substituted, detoxified lipopolysaccharide, even at doses 15- to 50-fold greater, led to only low anti-mouse thyroglobulin titers and mild thyroid infiltration. The synthetic adjuvant N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) and three of its analogs, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-L-alanyl-D-glycerol mycolate (MDP-L-Ala-Glyc-Myc), N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamyl-(decyl)methyl ester [MDP(decyl)methyl], and N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamine-alpha n-butyl ester [MDP-(Gln)-OnBu], designated murabutide, were tested in incomplete Freund adjuvant or in saline. In incomplete Freund adjuvant, MDP-L-Ala-Glyc-Myc was inefficient in inducing EAT, murabutide induced very mild involvement, and MDP and, more so, MDP(decyl)methyl were active but to a lesser degree than CFA. When saline was used, low levels of thyroid infiltration were observed in a few of the MDP-treated animals in only one experiment, whereas no lesions were observed when murabutide was used.
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PMID:Effects of natural or synthetic microbial adjuvants on induction of autoimmune thyroiditis. 383 8

We studied the ability of antisera against different Escherichia coli surface antigens, both alone and in combination with anti-enterotoxin, to decrease fluid secretion induced by intestinal challenge with enterotoxigenic E. coli in rabbits. Antiserum against lipopolysaccharide protected significantly against O group homologous bacteria. Monospecific antisera against pilus-associated colonization factor antigens CFA/I and CFA/II were also effective, giving highly significant protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli strains bearing the corresponding colonization factor antigens. Protection was also observed with Fab fragments of the CFA/I antibodies. Addition of the anti-lipopolysaccharide serum to a protective antiserum against purified heat-labile enterotoxin resulted in an antisecretory effect which slightly exceeded the sum of the effects obtained with each preparation alone. The combination of antiserum against CFA/I or CFA/II with anti-enterotoxin gave protection that equaled the product of the effects obtained with each antiserum alone; i.e. the antisera cooperated synergistically.
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PMID:Synergistic protective effect of antibodies against Escherichia coli enterotoxin and colonization factor antigens. 675 18

It is well known that T cells recognize antigen as processed peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Recently, it has been shown that T cells can specifically recognize synthetic glycopeptides. However, whether glycopeptides are selected for presentation during antigen processing of glycoproteins and eventually elicit carbohydrate-specific T cells is still an open question. In this study, we utilized synthetic glycopeptides to analyze T cell recognition of the naturally glycosylated immunodominant peptide representing type II collagen (CII) residues 256-270. In this peptide, lysines at positions 264 and 270 may be post-translationally modified by hydroxylation and subsequent O-linked glycosylation with beta-galactosyl or alpha-glucosyl-(1-->2)-beta-galactosyl residues. T cell hybridomas established from type II collagen-immunized mice specifically recognized CII 256-270 with either galactose or glucosyl-galactose at position 264. The T cell hybridoma recognizing glucosyl-galactose displayed no cross-reactivity either to galactose or to the structurally different alpha-galactosyl-(1-->4)-beta-galactose. Furthermore, the T cell hybridoma recognizing galactose did not cross-react to glucosyl-galactose or galactosyl-galactose, indicating that the antigen-presenting cells (bulk spleen cells, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells, anti-CD40-stimulated spleen cells, peritoneal exudate cells or CFA-primed lymph node cells) inefficiently processed carbohydrates when the antigen was given as a glycopeptide.
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PMID:Antigen processing and presentation of a naturally glycosylated protein elicits major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted, carbohydrate-specific T cells. 876 38

An expression plasmid (pCFA-1) carrying the cfaB gene that codes for the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) fimbrial adhesin colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) subunit was constructed and used to transform a derivative of the attenuated Salmonella typhimurium aroA vaccine strain SL3261 carrying an F'lacIq. Treatment of the transformed strain with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) resulted in elevated in vitro expression of the CFA/I subunit. Although flagellar function and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis were similar in both the parental and the recombinant strains, spleen colonization was reduced in the recombinant strain. All BALB/c mice parenterally inoculated with the recombinant strain developed significant anti-CFA/I and anti-LPS serum antibody titers (P < 0.05). Moreover, 2 of 5 mice orally inoculated with the engineered Salmonella strain developed anti-CFA/I intestinal IgA (P > 0.05) while 4/5 of the same mice developed anti-LPS IgA (P < 0.05). The results indicate that the vaccine strain elicited an antibody response against the bacterial host both after oral and intravenous immunization while the response against the CFA/I antigen was significant only after inoculation by the intravenous route.
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PMID:Immunization against the colonization factor antigen I of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli by administration of a bivalent Salmonella typhimurium aroA strain. 969 8

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) serotype O169:H41 organisms have become the most prevalent ETEC in Japan since the first outbreak in 1991. It was assumed that the outbreaks were due to clonal spread of this new ETEC serotype. The relationship of 32 strains isolated from 6 outbreaks were examined for biotype, antibiotic susceptibility, enterotoxigenicity, protein banding pattern, lipopolysaccharide banding pattern, plasmid analysis, and ribotyping. Further, the strains were examined by haemagglutination, surface hydrophobicity, and the ability to adhere to HEp-2 cells. The present study suggests that the outbreaks were caused by multiple clones of STp-producing O169:H41 since they showed differences in ribotype and outer membrane protein banding patterns. The strains did not agglutinate human or bovine red blood cells in a mannose-resistant manner. They adhered to HEp-2 cells in a manner resembling enteroaggregative E. coli. Five strains were examined by dot-blot tests for the colonization factor antigens CFA/I, CS1, CS2, CS3, CS4, CS5, CS6, CS7, PCFO159, PCFO166 and CFA/III. Although four strains expressed CS6, no structure for CS6 was identified. A strain that the anti-CS6 MAbs did not react with could adhere to HEp-2 cells in mannose resistant manner; thus, it is unlikely that CS6 play an important role in the adhesion to the cells. Electron microscopy studies of the O169:H41 strains suggested that curly fimbriae, a possible new colonization factor, may be playing an important role in the adhesion of the bacteria to HEp-2 cells. In conclusion, outbreaks due to ETEC O169:H41 were caused by multiple clones, and the strains should be examined in detail for a possible new colonization factor.
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PMID:Epidemiology and properties of heat-stable enterotoxin-producing Escherichia coli serotype O169:H41. 974 53

Systemic and mucosal antibody responses against both the major subunit of colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and the somatic lipopolysaccharide expressed by recombinant bivalent Salmonella vaccine strains were significantly enhanced by coadministration of a detoxified derivative with preserved adjuvant effects of the ETEC heat-labile toxin, LT((R192G)). The results further support the adjuvant effects of LT((R192G)) and represent a simple alternative to improve responses against passenger antigens expressed by orally delivered Salmonella vaccine strains.
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PMID:Adjuvant activity of a nontoxic mutant of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin on systemic and mucosal immune responses elicited against a heterologous antigen carried by a live Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium vaccine strain. 1085 58


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