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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Cell-mediated immune responses in cattle infected with Brucella abortus Strain 544, cattle infected with Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 09 and non exposed cattle were studied by an in vitro whole-blood lymphocyte stimulation procedure. A soluble Brucella polypeptide containing some lipopolysaccharide prepared from Brucella abortus strain 99 was used as antigen while Concanavalin A was used as mitogen. Results were assayed for (6-3H) thymidine incorporation into deoxyribonucleic acid. All the cattle from which Brucella abortus was recovered developed very high lymphocyte transformation responses while cattle infected with Yersinia enterocolitica 09 and non exposed cattle did not develop high lymphocyte stimulation reactions. The animals infected with Yersinia enterocolitica 09 were strongly positive to the Rose Bengal, serum agglutination, Complement fixation and Coombs' antibovine globulin tests. One lactating cow infected with Yersinia enterocolitica 09 was positive to the Brucella milk ring test. It was concluded that the lymphocyte stimulation assay could be used to differentiate bovine brucellosis from yersiniosis.
Int J Zoonoses 1985 Jun
PMID:Differentiation of Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica serotype 09 infections: use of lymphocyte transformation test. 393 92

Brucellosis remains a major zoonosis worldwide. Although many countries have eradicated Brucella abortus from cattle, in some areas Brucella melitensis has emerged as a cause of infection in this species as well as in sheep and goats. Despite vaccination campaigns with the Rev 1 strain, B. melitensis remains the principal cause of human brucellosis. Brucella suis is also emerging as an agent of infection in cattle, thus extending its opportunities to infect humans. The recent isolation of distinctive strains of Brucella from marine mammals has extended its ecologic range. Molecular genetic studies have demonstrated phylogenetic affiliation to Agrobacterium, Phyllobacterium, Ochrobactrum, and Rhizobium. Polymerase chain reaction and gene probe development may provide more effective typing methods. Pathogenicity is related to production of lipopolysaccharides containing a poly N-formyl perosamine O chain, CuZn superoxide dismutase, erythrlose phosphate dehydrogenase, stress-induced proteins related to intracellular survival, and adenine and guanine monophosphate inhibitors of phagocyte functions. Protective immunity is conferred by antibody to lipopolysaccharide and T-cell-mediated macrophage activation triggered by protein antigens. Diagnosis still centers on isolation of the organism and serologic test results, especially enzyme immunoassay, which is replacing other methods. Polymerase chain reaction is also under evaluation. Therapy is based on tetracyclines with or without rifampicin, aminoglycosides, or quinolones. No satisfactory vaccines against human brucellosis are available, although attenuated purE mutants appear promising.
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PMID:Brucellosis: an overview. 920 7

Sheep brucellosis, a zoonosis mainly due to B. melitensis (biovar 1, 2 or 3), remains widespread world-wide. Pathologically and epidemiologically, the disease is very similar to B. abortus infection in cattle. The live B. melitensis Rev 1 strain is currently considered as the best vaccine available for the control of sheep brucellosis, especially when used at the standard dose by the conjunctival route. Used exhaustively in whole-flock vaccination programmes, it induces a great decrease in the prevalence in both sheep and human populations. The expensive test-and-slaughter strategy should be restricted to the lowest infected areas. Whenever possible, Brucella spp. should be isolated by culture using adequate selective media from uterine discharges, aborted fetuses, udder secretions or selected tissues, such as lymph nodes, testes or epididymides. Species and biovar identification is routinely based on cultural criteria, on lysis by phages and on simple biochemical and serological tests. The recently developed polymerase chain reaction methods provide additional means of detection and identification. Despite the high degree of DNA homology within the genus Brucella, several methods, including PCR-RFLP and Southern blot, have been developed which allow, to a certain extent, the differentiation between Brucella species and some of their biovars. While several ELISA tests have been developed recently, the rose bengal plate agglutination and complement fixation tests, based on the detection of anti-S-LPS antibody, are still recommended for screening flocks and individuals. However, these tests sometimes lack specificity or sensitivity. For pooled samples, there are no useful tests such as the milk ring test in cattle. The brucellin allergic skin test can be used as a screening or complementary test in unvaccinated flocks, provided that a purified, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-free and standardized antigen preparation is used.
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PMID:Brucella melitensis infection in sheep: present and future. 968 41

The brucellae are Gram-negative bacteria characteristically able to multiply facultatively within phagocytic cells and which cause a zoonosis of world-wide importance. This article reviews the structure and topology of the main components (lipopolysaccharide, native hapten polysaccharide, free lipids and proteins) of the outer membranes of Brucella abortus and B. melitensis, as well as some distinctive properties (permeability and interactions with cationic peptides) of these membranes. On these data, an outer membrane model is proposed in which, as compared to other Gram-negatives, there is a stronger hydrophobic anchorage for the lipopolysaccharide, free lipids, porin proteins and lipoproteins, and a reduced surface density of anionic groups, which could be partially or totally neutralized by ornithine lipids. This model accounts for the permeability of Brucella to hydrophobic permeants and for its resistance to the bactericidal oxygen-independent systems of phagocytes.
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PMID:Structure and properties of the outer membranes of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis. 1094 37

Leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis caused by pathogenic spirochetes belonging to the genus Leptospira. An understanding of leptospiral protein expression regulation is needed to develop new immunoprotective and serodiagnostic strategies. We used the humoral immune response during human leptospirosis as a reporter of protein antigens expressed during infection. Qualitative and quantitative immunoblot analysis was performed using sera from 105 patients from Brazil and Barbados. Sera from patients with other diseases and healthy individuals were evaluated as controls. Seven proteins, p76, p62, p48, p45, p41, p37, and p32, were identified as targets of the humoral response during natural infection. In both acute and convalescent phases of illness, antibodies to lipopolysaccharide were predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM) while antibodies to proteins were exclusively IgG. Anti-p32 reactivity had the greatest sensitivity and specificity: positive reactions were observed in 37 and 84% of acute- and convalescent-phase sera, respectively, while only 5% of community control individuals demonstrated positive reactions. Six immunodominant antigens were expressed by all pathogenic leptospiral strains tested; only p37 was inconsistently expressed. Two-dimensional immunoblots identified four of the seven infection-associated antigens as being previously characterized proteins: LipL32 (the major outer membrane lipoprotein), LipL41 (a surface-exposed outer membrane lipoprotein), and heat shock proteins GroEL and DnaK. Fractionation studies demonstrated LipL32 and LipL41 reactivity in the outer membrane fraction and GroEL and DnaK in the cytoplasmic fraction, while p37 appeared to be a soluble periplasmic protein. Most of the other immunodominant proteins, including p48 and p45, were localized to the inner membrane. These findings indicate that leptospiral proteins recognized during natural infection are potentially useful for serodiagnosis and may serve as targets for vaccine design.
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PMID:Leptospiral proteins recognized during the humoral immune response to leptospirosis in humans. 1144 74

Leptospira is the etiologic agent of leptospirosis, a bacterial zoonosis distributed worldwide. Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide is a protective immunogen, but the extensive serological diversity of leptospires has inspired a search for conserved outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that may stimulate heterologous immunity. Previously, a global analysis of leptospiral OMPs (P. A. Cullen, S. J. Cordwell, D. M. Bulach, D. A. Haake, and B. Adler, Infect. Immun. 70:2311-2318, 2002) identified pL21, a novel 21-kDa protein that is the second most abundant constituent of the Leptospira interrogans serovar Lai outer membrane proteome. In this study, we identified the gene encoding pL21 and found it to encode a putative lipoprotein; accordingly, the protein was renamed LipL21. Southern hybridization analysis revealed the presence of lipL21 in all of the pathogenic species but in none of the saprophytic species examined. Alignment of the LipL21 sequence from six strains of Leptospira revealed 96 to 100% identity. When specific polyclonal antisera to recombinant LipL21 were used, LipL21 was isolated together with other known leptospiral OMPs by both Triton X-114 extraction and sucrose density gradient membrane fractionation. All nine strains of pathogenic leptospires investigated by Western blotting, whether culture attenuated or virulent, were found to express LipL21. In contrast, the expression of LipL21 or an antigenically related protein could not be detected in nonpathogenic L. biflexa. Infected hamster sera and two of eight human leptospirosis sera tested were found to react with recombinant LipL21. Native LipL21 was found to incorporate tritiated palmitic acid, consistent with the prediction of a lipoprotein signal peptidase cleavage site. Biotinylation of the leptospiral surface resulted in selective labeling of LipL21 and the previously known OMPs LipL32 and LipL41. These findings show that LipL21 is a surface-exposed, abundant outer membrane lipoprotein that is expressed during infection and conserved among pathogenic Leptospira species.
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PMID:LipL21 is a novel surface-exposed lipoprotein of pathogenic Leptospira species. 1270 11

Tularemia is a zoonosis of humans caused by infection with the facultative intracellular bacterium Francisella tularensis. Interest in F. tularensis has increased markedly in the past few years because of its potential use as an agent of bioterrorism. Five subspecies of this organism are found in the Northern hemisphere, but only F. tularensis subsp. tularensis and subsp. holarctica cause disease in humans. This review summarizes what is known about the pathogenesis of tularemia with a focus on bacterial surface components such as lipopolysaccharide and capsule as well as information obtained from the F. tularensis subsp. tularensis SCHU S4 genome. In particular, the mechanisms of action of recently identified virulence factors are discussed in the context of bacterial replication in macrophages and manipulation of the host inflammatory response. Throughout this report, shared and unique features of F. tularensis subsp. tularensis, subsp. holarctica, and subsp. novicida are discussed.
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PMID:Francisella tularensis: taxonomy, genetics, and Immunopathogenesis of a potential agent of biowarfare. 1670 43

Salmonella Enteritidis is still a major cause of human food borne infections and can be associated with the consumption of meat and chicken eggs. It is the world's most common cause of salmonellosis in part because it has the ability to colonize the oviduct and contaminate eggs. It was shown that when stored at room temperature, S. Enteritidis bacteria can multiply extensively in contaminated eggs. Using the in vivo expression technology, it was shown that the rfbH gene, involved in lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis, is transcriptionally induced during growth in whole eggs at room temperature. A S. Enteritidis DeltarfbH strain was unable to multiply in eggs at room temperature and did not survive in egg white at 42 degrees C. The attenuation was most likely caused by an increased susceptibility of the DeltarfbH mutant to yet undefined antibacterial components of the egg albumen.
Zoonoses Public Health 2009 Apr
PMID:The Salmonella Enteritidis lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis gene rfbH is required for survival in egg albumen. 1899 Jan 94

Brucellosis is a globally significant zoonosis, the control of which is difficult and resource intensive. Serological tests form a vital part of a multifactorial approach to control and are often performed in large numbers. The aim of the present study was to develop a new assay to improve the efficiency, ease, and effectiveness of serological testing. An existing competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was adapted to a completely homogeneous time-resolved fluorescent resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) assay. This was achieved by labeling an anti-Brucella monoclonal antibody with a long-lifetime donor fluorophore and Brucella smooth lipopolysaccharide with a compatible acceptor and optimizing the reading conditions. The assay was performed in a 96-well plate with a single 30-min incubation period and no separation (wash) steps and was concluded by a single plate-reading step. The performance of the assay was evaluated with a panel of serum samples from infected (n = 73) and uninfected (n = 480) sources and compared to the performance of the parent cELISA, an indirect ELISA (iELISA), and fluorescence polarization assay (FPA). The performance of the TR-FRET assay matched the performance of the iELISA, which had 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity, and surpassed the performance of the cELISA and the FPA. The results also demonstrated that the TR-FRET technique is effective with poor-quality serum samples from the field. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first homogeneous TR-FRET assay to detect antibodies raised against an infectious disease. The technique appears to be sufficiently adaptable to meet the needs of many other similar testing requirements to identify infectious diseases.
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PMID:Time-resolved fluorescent resonance energy transfer assay for simple and rapid detection of anti-Brucella antibodies in ruminant serum samples. 1965 80

Brucellosis is a zoonosis of both public health and economic importance in many developing countries including India. Early detection and segregation of the infected animals are important in order to control the disease. Serodiagnostic tests for brucellosis is mainly based on detection of antibodies developed against lipopolysaccharide (LPS) component of cell. In this study we evaluated a protein antigen, 28 kDa outer membrane protein (OMP28), of Brucella melitensis as an alternative to LPS. Recombinant OMP28 was produced in Escherichia coli system. The efficacy of purified OMP28 was studied in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for diagnosis of brucellosis in field sera collected from different regions of country. Using known negative and known positive serum samples it was found that OMP28 is immunoreactive to Brucella infected cattle, sheep, goat and dog sera. Three hundred and eighty two cattle sera were screened by OMP28 antigen-based ELISA and the results were compared to rose Bengal plate agglutination Test (RBPT). Recombinant OMP28 antigen-based ELISA has shown sensitivity of 88.7%, specificity of 93.8% and accuracy of 92.9%. It was concluded that recombinant B. melitensis OMP28 could be used as a protein antigen for diagnosis of brucellosis in domestic animals.
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PMID:Recombinant OMP28 antigen-based indirect ELISA for serodiagnosis of bovine brucellosis. 2002 61


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