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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A Pseudomonas aeruginosa polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (Ttxd) conjugate vaccine was produced. Polysaccharide was derived from lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and covalently linked to Ttxd by using carbodiimide with adipic acid dihydrazide as a spacer molecule. The conjugate possessed a relative molecular weight of greater than 350,000 and was nontoxic and nonpyrogenic. The vaccine bound serospecific monoclonal antibodies with an avidity similar to LPS and reacted with murine and human opsonic antibody. The vaccine was immunogenic in rabbits and mice and elicited IgG antibody to both LPS and Ttxd. The vaccine was safe when parenterally administered to humans and evoked only mild, transient reactions. Mean titers of IgG antibody to LPS rose 19-fold after immunization, with 82% of the volunteers responding with a fourfold or greater rise in titer. IgG antibody to LPS evoked after immunization was opsonic and highly effective at preventing fatal experimental burn wound sepsis due to P. aeruginosa.
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PMID:Pseudomonas aeruginosa polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine: safety and immunogenicity in humans. 309 8

Shigella sonnei phase II core oligosaccharide (OSPhII) was linked covalently with protein (bovine serum albumin or tetanus toxoid) to obtain a conjugate (OSPhII-protein) of good immunogenicity in rabbits. Anti-OSPhII-protein conjugate sera contained high levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies against the complete core region of Sh. sonnei lipopolysaccharide. The antigenic relationships between lipopolysaccharides of R1, R3 and R4 core types using anti-OSPhII-protein sera were studied. These antisera may be used for the rapid determination of core types in unknown enterobacterial strains.
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PMID:Characterization and diagnostic application of a lipopolysaccharide core oligosaccharide-protein conjugate. 309 54

Many bacterial toxins are proteins, encoded by the bacterial chromosomal genes, plasmids or phages. Lysogenic phages form part of the chromosome. The toxins are usually liberated from the organism by lysis, but some are shed with outer membrane proteins in outer membrane vesicles. An important non-protein toxin is lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin, which is a constituent of the cell wall of gram negative bacteria. Toxins may damage the eukaryotic cell membrane by combining with some structural component, or otherwise alter its function. Many toxins combine with specific receptors on the surface membrane, frequently glycoproteins or gangliosides, and penetrate the cell to reach their intracellular target. A common mechanism of entry is absorptive endocytosis. Many protein toxins have an A-B structure, B being a polypeptide which binds to the receptor and A being an enzyme. Many toxins are activated, either when produced by the bacterium or when bound to the membrane receptor, by proteases (nicking). An enzymatic process common to many toxins is adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribosylation of the adenylate cyclase regulatory proteins, leading to an increase in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This is the mechanism of action of cholera toxin. Diphtheria toxin catalyzes the transfer of ADP-ribose to elongation factor-2, inhibiting protein synthesis. Most toxins act on the target cells to which they bind, but tetanus toxin, and, to a lesser degree, botulinum toxin, ascend axons and affect more distant structures. Although many toxin effects caused by bacteria have been described, only a few toxins have been identified, characterized, and their mode of action determined at the molecular level. The best known of these are discussed.
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PMID:Bacterial toxins. 328 62

Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) have impaired natural (preinfection) IgG2 antibody responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide. To investigate the basis for this defect, we measured natural IgG and IgG1-4 antibody levels to Haemophilus influenzae type b polyribophosphate (PRP) and tetanus toxoid by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 24 adult CF patients and 20 normal controls. Immunoglobulin heavy- and light-chain allotypes were determined on 146 Caucasian CF patients and 96 controls. The tetanus toxoid-specific IgG response was predominantly IgG1. CF and control subjects had similar IgG and IgG1 antibody levels. The PRP-specific IgG response was predominantly IgG2. In contrast to tetanus toxoid results, CF patients had lower geometric mean level of PRP-specific IgG compared to normal controls (p = 0.0036). ELISA results were confirmed by liquid-phase 3H-PRP-binding assay: CF patients had a geometric mean serum antibody level of 395 versus 922 ng/ml in controls (p = 0.0044). PRP-specific IgG2 levels were also depressed in CF patients (p = 0.03). CF patients had a lower prevalence of the A2m(2) allotype than the local racially matched control sample (p less than 0.025). Other allotype prevalences including G2m(n) and Km(1) were similar. Impaired IgG2 antibody responses to microbial polysaccharide surface antigens in CF patients might predispose them to persistent endobronchial infection and lead to production of nonopsonizing isotype responses. The potential role of A2m(2), coded for in the H chain locus on chromosome 14, is unknown, but could be related to mucosal IgA2 antibody responses.
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PMID:Altered antibody isotype in cystic fibrosis: impaired natural antibody response to polysaccharide antigens. 350 65

Oligosaccharides of smooth-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and oligosaccharides of rough-type LPS were isolated from Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae and conjugated to tetanus toxoid by reductive amination. The antigenic and immunogenic characteristics of the oligosaccharides, the oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates, and the LPS of H. pleuropneumoniae were determined by passive hemagglutination, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with antisera produced by immunization of rabbits and pigs. The findings were compared with the immunologic response induced by immunization of pigs with an H. pleuropneumoniae whole-cell vaccine and by infection of pigs with viable H. pleuropneumoniae. The results show that conjugation of isolated oligosaccharides of H. pleuropneumoniae to tetanus toxoid improves the immunogenicity of the oligosaccharides without significantly altering their antigenic character. These findings extend the understanding of the immunobiology of H. pleuropneumoniae infection in pigs and suggest the potential of purified oligosaccharides as vaccines to prevent porcine pleuropneumonia.
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PMID:Vaccine potential of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae oligosaccharide-tetanus toxoid conjugates. 377 Sep 54

A procedure for in vitro sensitization of human lymphocytes against bombesin conjugated to tetanus toxoid (BTT) is described. Bombesin is a tetradecapeptide associated with small cell lung carcinoma. We found that antibody responses against bombesin as well as tetanus toxoid could be generated in vitro by culturing nylon-separated human splenic lymphocytes for 6 days with lipopolysaccharide, phytohemagglutinin-activated lymphocyte supernatants, human AB serum, and bombesin conjugated to tetanus toxoid. Cells sensitized by this procedure were fused to murine myeloma cells, NS-1. The specificities of resulting hybrids were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunoassays and competitive inhibition experiments. Hybrids secreting anti-bombesin (IgM) or anti-tetanus toxoid (IgM or IgG) were obtained. The ratio of IgG to IgM antibodies against tetanus toxoid could be increased by using antigen coupled to Sepharose beads. The sensitization procedure described here offers a system for the study of antigenic stimulation of human B lymphocytes in vitro and for the production of human monoclonal antibodies with the desired specificities.
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PMID:In vitro immunization of human lymphocytes. I. Production of human monoclonal antibodies against bombesin and tetanus toxoid. 384 Aug 24

Rabbits were used to test the efficacy of several materials as supplementary adjuvants when administered as part of a vaccine formulation consisting of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin linked to tetanus toxoid (beta-hCG-TT) and adsorbed on Al(OH)3. In the amounts used, Corynebacterium parvum, levamisole, thymic factor, and N,N-dioctadecyl-N',N'-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)propanediamine exhibited little adjuvant activity although the latter material elicited marginal increments when incorporated in liposomes. A Salmonella lipopolysaccharide preparation (SPLPS) and a streptococcal preparation (OK-432) each gave approximately 7-fold increments in titer. The SPLPS preparation was pyrogenic at the doses used. OK-432 was nonpyrogenic and did not cause other evident undesirable effects. It may therefore prove to be a useful adjuvant. It gave a nearly flat dose response curve over the range of 0.5 to 4.0 mg per rabbit. Incorporation of beta-hCG-TT on Al(OH)3 in a water-in-oil emulsion caused a moderate increase in titers. Incorporation into liposomes or an oil-in-water emulsion was not effective.
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PMID:Formulation of a potential antipregnancy vaccine based on the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG). III. Evaluation of various vehicles and adjuvants. 398 89

Alkaline treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa type 5 lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in reduced toxicity as measured by both the Limulus amoebocyte assay and the rabbit pyrogenicity test. Chemical analysis of the deacylated LPS (D-LPS) revealed that ester-linked fatty acids were removed while the amide-linked fatty acids remained intact. The neutral and amino sugar compositions for native LPS and D-LPS were identical within experimental error. Antigenic determinants for complement-dependent human opsonic antibody were retained under these deacylation conditions. To enhance its immunogenicity, D-LPS was covalently coupled to Pseudomonas pili and the 1,4-diaminobutyl derivatives of Pseudomonas exotoxin A and tetanus toxoid. Quantitative amino sugar analyses revealed that 2.6 and 3.2 mol of D-LPS were covalently bound to aminobutyl Pseudomonas exotoxin A and aminobutyl tetanus toxoid, respectively. Gel electrophoresis data indicated at least 1 mol of D-LPS covalently bound per pilus subunit protein. Initial immunologic data indicated that antibody against D-LPS could be induced when the D-LPS is covalently attached to protein carriers.
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PMID:Preparation and characterization of detoxified lipopolysaccharide-protein conjugates. 616 12

The effects of breast- and bottle-feeding on serum immunoglobulin levels and specific antibody responses have been examined in 30 infants on five occasions from 6 days until 9 months of age. No significant differences were found on any sample occasion between the two feeding groups in total immunoglobulin levels of G, M and A classes or in class-specific antibody responses to tetanus toxoid vaccine. This suggests that the capacity of the two groups to make serum antibodies develops similarly. Concentrations of antibodies to commensal Escherichia coli 'O' lipopolysaccharide antigens, however, were significantly greater in the bottle-fed group, and it is suggested that this difference is due to an increase in the exposure of the systemic immune system to these gut antigens in the bottle-fed infants. There are several possible explanations for this increased exposure and the resulting effects on the infants' immune system. These experiments also illustrate a possible role of breast milk in stimulating the immune system.
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PMID:In-vivo immune responses of breast- and bottle-fed infants to tetanus toxoid antigen and to normal gut flora. 620 38

To evaluate the functional significance of triphenyltin hydroxide (TPTH)-induced lymphopenia and lymphocyte depletion in thymus-dependent areas of spleen and lymph nodes, various immune function studies were carried out after 3 or 4 weeks TPTH exposure. Weaned male rats were fed a diet containing 25 mg TPTH/kg, a concentration that did not influence food intake and weight gain. TBTO exposure was continued during the course of the function tests. As parameters of the cell-mediated immunity in 2 experiments the delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to ovalbumin and tuberculin were significantly suppressed. No effect was observed on allograft rejection, splenic clearance of Listeria monocytogenes at days 5 and 6 after infection, and responsiveness of thymocytes to different T-cell mitogens. In contrast, the response of splenic lymphocytes to the T-cell mitogen phytohaemagglutinin was significantly suppressed. As TPTH treatment reduced the number of spleen cells, mitogenic response calculated per whole spleen was significantly depressed. Regarding the humoral immunity, no effect was observed on serum IgM and IgG levels, on the thymus-independent IgM response to E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and on the primary and secondary IgM and IgG response to the thymus-dependent antigen tetanus toxoid. Also, no effect was found on phagocytic and killing capacity of macrophages as demonstrated by unaltered splenic clearance of L. monocytogenes at days 1 and 2 after infection. Slightly enhanced mortality of TPTH-treated animals was observed in a L. monocytogenes mortality assay. Finally, TPTH did not increase the susceptibility of rats to endotoxin (LPS).
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PMID:Effect of triphenyltin hydroxide on the immune system of the rat. 636 47


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