Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P43026 (lipopolysaccharide)
 62,215 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immune system disorders are often accompanied by alterations in the reproductive axis. The bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) has inflammatory effects and activates cytokine release in the pituitary and hypothalamus. LPS inhibition of luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) release at the hypothalamic level appears to be associated with modifications in the inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmitter system. Then, knowing that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) mediates other neurotransmitter effects in the central nervous system, the possibility arises that this amino acid might mediate the effect of LPS on LHRH release by modifying amino acid neurotransmitter release at the hypothalamic level. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate a possible mediatory function of the GABAergic system in the LPS-induced inhibition of LHRH secretion. To this end, the modifications in the excitatory (glutamate, Glu) and inhibitory (taurine, Tau, and GABA) amino acid neurotransmitter release after the application of GABA-A and GABA-B antagonists, respectively, were studied and the effects of LPS on their release determined. Male rats were decapitated at 9.00 h, and the preoptic/mediobasal hypothalamic area (POA/MBH) was dissected and superfused with Earle's balanced salt solution. Superfusate fractions were collected at 15-min intervals after a 60-min stabilization superfusion period. LPS (100 ng/ml) was then added to the superfusion medium over 1 h in three different experimental designs: (1) LPS only (2) LPS simultaneously with bicuculline (GABA-A antagonist) or with phaclofen (GABA-B antagonist), and (3) LPS and subsequently bicuculline or phaclofen, performed in different experiments. This was followed by a wash-out period. The POA/MBH fragments were then subjected to a 56-mM K+ stimulus. Control POA/MBH fragments were continuously superfused with Earle's solution. As expected, LHRH release was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) during and following exposure to LPS. At the same time, GABA and Tau concentrations increased in the superfusion medium, while Glu decreased significantly compared with the control group. The GABA antagonists blocked and reversed the LPS effect on LHRH secretion. No significant differences were found between the effect of GABA-A and-B receptor antagonists. Meanwhile, GABA levels measured in the control group did not increase since they were the same as when LPS was added alone. Furthermore, LPS was without effect on Glu and Tau release in the presence of the GABA blockers. Therefore, the effect of the bacterial endotoxin was blocked. These observations indicate that there is an increase in GABA release that becomes significant at the same time when LHRH release is decreased. This effect can be blocked by GABA-specific receptor blockers. The effect of LPS is thus exerted by increasing GABA. The elevated GABA levels may also reduce Glu release and enhance Tau release. These modifications in neurotransmitter release may also contribute to LHRH suppression. These effects may be explained by the stimulation of cytokines of neuronal and/or glial origin that interact with the excitatory and inhibitory amino acids.
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PMID:Bacterial endotoxin inhibits LHRH secretion following the increased release of hypothalamic GABA levels. Different effects on amino acid neurotransmitter release. 926 45

Immune system disorders are often accompanied by alterations in the reproductive axis. The bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide or LPS) has central inflammatory effects, and activates cytokine release (immune system mediatory factors) in the hypothalamus, where the luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons are located. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of LPS on the pulsatile release of LH and FSH in adult male rats. With this aim, orchidectomized male rats were implanted with an atrial catheter and received, after two basal blood collections, LPS (250 microg/kg i.v.) or saline. Subsequently, blood samples were taken at regular intervals during 110 min. As expected, LH release was markedly reduced following exposure to LPS. In order to quantify these effects objectively, we subjected these data to PC-pulsar analysis. Pulsatile LH release was clearly disrupted in LPS-treated animals as compared to control rats: pulse frequency 1.3 +/- 0.3 versus 0.43 +/- 0.2/110 min, p < 0.05; pulse amplitude 17.18 +/- 2.2 versus 8.33 +/- 0.66 ng/ml, p < 0.05; overall mean release 15.2 +/- 0.75 versus 7.08 +/- 1.11 ng/ml, p < 0.001; maximum values 27.5 +/- 3.08 versus 9.95 +/- 2.16 ng/ml, p < 0.001; baseline levels 13.83 +/- 0.77 versus 6.55 +/- 0.74 ng/ml, p < 0.001. Regarding FSH secretion, LPS administration significantly lowered baseline levels (p < 0.05) and overall mean release (p < 0.01); FSH pulsatility parameters showed no significant differences. These observations indicate that LPS decreases LH and FSH mean release rates and baseline levels and inhibits several pulsatility parameters of LH release (frequency, amplitude and maximum values); FSH pulsatility parameters are not altered by LPS administration. We speculate that this effect is exerted principally at the hypothalamic level by modifying GnRH secretion.
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PMID:Effect of bacterial endotoxin on in vivo pulsatile gonadotropin secretion in adult male rats. 958 97

Immune system disorders are often accompanied by alterations in the reproductive axis. Several reports have shown that administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has central inflammatory effects and activates cytokine release in the hypothalamus where the luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (Gn-RH) neurons are located. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of repeated LPS administration on the neuroendocrine mechanisms of control of the reproductive axis in peripubertal female rats (30-day-old rats). With this aim, LPS (50 mug/kg weight) was administered to the animals during 25, 27 and 29 days of age and sacrificed on 30 day of life. Gn-RH, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) and glutamic acid (GLU), two amino acids involved in the regulation of Gn-RH secretion, hypothalamic content were measured. LH and estradiol serum levels were also determined and the day of vaginal opening examined. The results showed a significant increase in Gn-RH and GLU content (p < 0.0001), shared by a reduction of GABA one (p < 0.0001). LH and estradiol serum levels were decreased (p < 0.01, p < 0.001) and delay in the day of vaginal opening was also observed in treated animals. Present results show that repeated LPS administration impaired reproductive function, modifying the neuroendocrine mechanisms of control of the axis in peripubertal female rats.
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PMID:Reproductive axis response to repeated lipopolysaccharide administration in peripubertal female rats. 2065 72

Ectoparasites repress host immune responses while they obtain nutrition from their hosts. Understanding the immunosuppressive mechanisms between ectoparasites and their hosts will provide new strategies to develop potential immunosuppressive drugs against immune disorder diseases. Previously, we have discovered that a small peptide, immunoregulin HA, from the horsefly (Hybomitra atriperoides) may play an immunosuppressive role in rat splenocytes. However, the targeting cells and detailed mechanisms of immunoregulin HA in immunosuppressive reactions are not well defined. Here, we show that immunoregulin HA reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. Interestingly, we discover that the major cytokines repressed by immunoregulin HA are secreted by macrophages, rather than by T cells. Furthermore, immunoregulin HA inhibits macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. Mechanically, the activations of c-JUN N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase upon LPS stimulation are decreased by immunoregulin HA. Consistently, immunoregulin HA treatment exhibits an anti-inflammatory activity in a mouse model of adjuvant-induced paw inflammation. Taken together, our data reveal that immunoregulin HA conducts the anti-inflammatory activity by blocking macrophage functions.
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PMID:An immunosuppressive peptide from the horsefly inhibits inflammation by repressing macrophage maturation and phagocytosis. 3097 39