UNIPROT:P42574 - FACTA Search

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Query: UNIPROT:P42574 (caspase-3)
45,978 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experimental models of sepsis using endotoxin challenges, including studies with sensitized animals with D-galactosamine, have largely contributed to the basic rationale for innovative clinical trials in human septic shock, which have, to date, failed. The ability of these models to reproduce human disease has been highly discussed. We report here that the widely used D-galactosamine/LPS model does not account for septic shock. Treatment with YVAD-CMK, a potent tetrapeptide inhibitor of caspases of the interleukin (IL)-1beta converting enzyme (ICE) family, protects from LPS-induced liver apoptosis and mortality in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice when administered either before or up to 2 h after the lethal challenge. This curative effect is related to complete inhibition of caspase-3 activity in the liver. However, YVAD-CMK does not affect LPS-induced release of IL-1beta and does not protect from a lethal dose of LPS in unsensitized mice. These experiments demonstrate the difference between these two widely recognized experimental models of sepsis. LPS toxicity in D-galactosamine-treated mice, leading to blocked gene transcription, results from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha-induced caspase-3-dependent liver injury, not from the systemic inflammatory response. These results provide evidence that inhibitors of the ICE caspase family can prevent or even overcome the ongoing hepatic injury induced by TNF-alpha during sepsis, ischemia-reperfusion, or severe hepatitis.
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PMID:LPS challenge in D-galactosamine-sensitized mice accounts for caspase-dependent fulminant hepatitis, not for septic shock. 1019 82

CPP32/apopain (Caspase-3), a protease of the Ced-3/ICE family, is a central mediator in the apoptosis induced by TNF or anti-Fas. In this study we demonstrate that wortmannin, an inhibitor of PI-3K, enhances the activation of CPP32 (Caspase-3) and DNA fragmentation in TNF-treated U937 cells and anti-Fas-treated Jurkat cells. Caspase-3-like activity, Ac-DEVD-MCA cleavage activity, is enhanced by wortmannin in the range of the concentration (1 - 100 nM) specifically inhibiting PI-3K. LY294002, another PI-3K inhibitor, also enhances Caspase-3-like activity, but inhibitors for myosin light chain kinase and calmodulin dependent kinase do not have any effect on the Caspase-3-like activity. Wortmannin (1 - 100 nM) enhances the processing of Caspase-3 (32K) into active form (17K) in TNF- or anti-Fas-treated cells, but not in untreated cells. These observations suggest that inhibition of PI-3K induces the activation of processing enzyme of Caspase-3 or increases the susceptibility of Caspase-3 to the processing enzyme. PI-3K seems to protect the cells from apoptosis by suppressing the activation of Caspase-3.
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PMID:Wortmannin enhances activation of CPP32 (Caspase-3) induced by TNF or anti-Fas. 1020 Apr 74

Significant progress has recently occurred in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating vertebrate programmed cell death, or apoptosis. New advances in this field have stemmed from the identification of ICE (caspase-1) as the founding member of the mammalian caspase cell death family. Apoptotic cell death plays an important role in neuronal cell death. Both in vitro and in vivo evidence implicates ICE as an important factor in neuronal apoptosis, especially under pathological conditions. In addition, other caspases, such as caspase-3, have also been shown to be activated and may play a role in pathological neuronal loss. Understanding the basic mechanisms mediating cell death in neurodegenerative disease may lead to the development of novel approaches for the treatment of diseases featuring apoptosis.
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PMID:ICE, neuronal apoptosis and neurodegeneration. 1020 90

Exposure of human keratinocyte HaCaT cells to ultraviolet B-irradiation induced apoptotic morphologic changes. In this study, we found that the ultraviolet B irradiation (0.25 J per cm2) induced phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-jun N-terminal protein kinase, and also significant activation of caspase-3 (CPP32-like protease) and a small increase of caspase-1 (ICE-like protease) activity in the early stages of ultraviolet B-induced apoptosis. Pretreatments of the cells with a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, SB203580, and a caspase-3 inhibitor, Ac-Asp-Met-Gln-Asp-1-aldehyde, suppressed the ultraviolet B irradiation-induced apoptosis by approximately 60% as estimated by nuclear staining and DNA laddering. Pretreatment with caspase-1 inhibitor, Ac-Tyr-Val-Lys-Asp-aldehyde was without effect. Ultraviolet B-induced caspase-3 activation resulted in cleavage of poly(ADP) ribose polymerase, which was abolished by the caspase-3 inhibitor. SB203580 pretreatment prevented activation of caspase-3 and caspase-1, and also suppressed the cleavage of poly(ADP) ribose polymerase. Neither ceramide generation nor sphingomyelinase activation (neutral and acid) was observed in the ultraviolet B-irradiated HaCaT cells. Also various antioxidants did not affect the caspase activation induced by ultraviolet B irradiation. These results indicated that activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase upstream of caspases may play an important part in the apoptotic process of keratinocytes exposed to ultraviolet B irradiation.
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PMID:Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and caspases in UVB-induced apoptosis of human keratinocyte HaCaT cells. 1023 70

Interferon gamma (IFNgamma) induces apoptosis in purified human erythroid colony-forming cells (ECFC) and inhibits cell growth. Fas (APO-1; CD95) and Fas ligand (FasL) mediate apoptosis induced by IFNgamma, because Fas is significantly upregulated by IFNgamma, whereas Fas ligand is constitutively present in the ECFC and neutralization of FasL greatly reduces the apoptosis. Because conversion of caspases from their dormant proenzyme forms to active enzymes has a critical role in transducing a cascade leading to apoptosis, we performed further studies of the expression and activation of caspases in normal human and IFNgamma-treated day-6 ECFC to better understand the mechanism of IFNgamma action in producing this cell death. RNase protection assays showed that the caspase-1, -2, -6, -8, and -9 mRNAs were upregulated by IFNgamma, whereas the caspase-5 and -7 mRNAs were not increased. Western blots showed that FLICE/caspase-8 was upregulated and activated by 24 hours of incubation with IFNgamma. FADD was not similarly altered by incubation with IFNgamma. Western blots of ICE/caspase-1, which might be required for amplification of the initial FLICE activation signal, showed that pro-ICE expression significantly increased after treatment with IFNgamma for 24 hours and cleavage of pro-ICE also increased. CPP32/apopain/caspase-3, responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP) ribose polymerase (PARP), was also studied and treatment of ECFC with IFNgamma resulted in an increased concentration of caspase-3 by 24 hours and a clear induction of enzyme activation by 48 hours, which was identified by the appearance of its p17-kD peptide fragment. The cleavage of PARP was demonstrated by an obvious increase of the 89-kD PARP cleavage product, which was observed at almost the same time as caspase-3 activation in the IFNgamma-treated cells, whereas untreated ECFC showed little change. Peptide inhibitors of the caspase proteins, DEVD-fmk, DEVD-cho, YVAD-cho, and IETD-fmk, were incubated with the ECFC to obtain further evidence for the involvement of caspases in IFNgamma-induced apoptosis. The activation of FLICE/caspase-8 and CPP32/caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP clearly were inhibited, but the reduction of cell growth due to apoptosis, induced by IFNgamma, was only partially blocked by the presence of the inhibitors. These results indicate that IFNgamma acts on ECFC not only to upregulate Fas, but also to selectively upregulate caspases-1, -3, and -8, which are activated and produce apoptosis, whereas the concentrations of FasL and FADD are not demonstrably changed.
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PMID:Interferon gamma induces upregulation and activation of caspases 1, 3, and 8 to produce apoptosis in human erythroid progenitor cells. 1023 83

Apoptosis (programmed cell death) serves an important role in the normal morphogenesis, immunoregulation, and homeostatic mechanisms in both normal and neoplastic cells. Caspase-3/CPP32, a member of the ICE/Ced-3-family of cysteine proteases, is an important downstream mediator of several complex proteolytic cascades that result in apoptosis in both hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that caspase-3 is commonly expressed in classical Hodgkin's disease (CHD); however, the biological significance of its expression in Hodgkin's disease is unknown. In this report, the expression of caspase-3 in nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease (NLPHD) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry; in addition, we investigated the role of caspase-3 in CD95 (Fas)-mediated apoptosis in three CHD cell lines. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections from 11 cases of NLPHD were immunostained for caspase-3 using a polyclonal rabbit antibody that detects both the 32-kd zymogen and the 20-kd active subunit of the caspase-3 protease. Only 1/11 cases of NLPHD demonstrated caspase-3 immunopositivity in lymphocytic/histiocytic cells. Caspase-3 expression was also evaluated in three CHD cell lines, HS445, L428, and KMH2. Whereas caspase-3 expression was detected in HS445 and L428 cell lines, no expression was found in KMH2 cells by immunohistochemical staining. Treatment of HS445 and L428 cell lines for 72 hours with agonistic CD95 monoclonal antibody induced marked apoptosis that was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with the caspase-3 inhibitor, DEVD-FMK, as determined by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay and flow cytometric analysis of 7-amino-actinomycin D staining. In addition, a significant increase in caspase-3 activity as determined by an enzyme colorimetric assay was detected in HS445 and L428 cells after 48 hours of CD95 stimulation. In marked contrast, treatment of caspase-3-deficient KMH2 cells with anti-CD95 mAb did not demonstrate an increase in caspase-3 activity or induce apoptosis. These data demonstrate caspase-3 is important for CD95-mediated apoptosis in CHD cell lines. In addition, the majority of NLPHD cases examined in this study failed to express detectable levels of caspase-3, suggesting these tumor cells may be resistant to apoptotic stimuli dependent on caspase-3 activity. Furthermore, these data suggest the differential expression of caspase-3 noted between NLPHD and CHD may provide additional evidence that each is a unique disease entity.
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PMID:Characterization of the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme/ced-3-family protease, caspase-3/CPP32, in Hodgkin's disease: lack of caspase-3 expression in nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease. 1032 97

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta)-converting enzyme (ICE, caspase-1) processes the IL-1 beta precursor to mature inflammatory cytokine IL-1 beta. ICE has been identified as a unique cysteine protease, which cleaves Asp-X bonds, shows resistance to E-64 (an inhibitor of most cysteine proteases) and has a primary structure that is homologous to CED-3, a protein required for apoptosis (programmed cell death) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, and to mammalian cysteine proteases that initiate and execute apoptosis, e.g., apopain/CPP32/caspase-3. The inhibitors of the ICE/CED-3 family or caspases, as they are called recently, may constitute therapeutic agents for amelioration of inflammatory and apoptosis-associated diseases. The most efficient ICE inhibitors are peptide aldehydes and peptidyl chloro or (acyloxy)methanes. A recent study revealed that both D- and L-Asp are accepted by ICE at the P1 of such inhibitors, and the peptidyl (acyloxy)methane analogues having the beta-homo-aspartyl residue [-NH-CH(CH2COOH)-CH2CO-] are inactive. These findings we reexamined in terms of two issues. (a) ICE's resistance to E-64. Since it was thought to be caused by the enzyme's unique substrate specificity, we prepared substrate-based analogues, which were not inhibitory suggesting significant structural difference between the active centers of ICE and papain-like enzymes. (b) Tolerance for D-stereochemistry at the P1 of these inhibitors. In view of the mechanism of cysteine protease inhibition by peptidyl X-methanes, we thought that this phenomenon should be a general characteristic of cysteine proteases and the hAsp-containing analogues should behave as reversible inhibitors. Here, we analyzed the inhibition of ICE and apopain in comparison with that of papain, thrombin, and trypsin by peptide L/D-alpha-aldehydes and their L-beta-homo-aldehyde [-NH-CH(R)-CH2-CHO] analogues. The following results were found. (1) The peptidyl L-beta-homo-aspartals are potent inhibitors for caspases. (2) The L-beta-homo analogues of peptide aldehyde inhibitors designed for other proteases are not inhibitory. (3) Unlike trypsin and thrombin (serine proteases), papain (cysteine protease) shows tolerance for D-stereochemistry at the P1 site of peptide aldehydes in proportion to the lability of the alpha-hydrogen of the P1-D-residue. The complete tolerance of ICE for P1-D-Asp may arise from this residue's high tendency to epimerization. (4) Reaction of cysteine proteases with peptide aldehyde or peptidyl X-methane inhibitors containing P1-D-residues may include alpha-proton abstraction followed by asymmetric induction leading to P1-L-residue-containing products.
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PMID:Peptidyl beta-homo-aspartals (3-amino-4-carboxybutyraldehydes): new specific inhibitors of caspases. 1038 Mar 58

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)alpha is considered to play a key pathogenetic role in inflammatory bowel diseases. In this study we analyzed the mechanisms by which TNFalpha induces intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis. TNFalpha alone, and more potently in combination with IFNgamma, induced a high degree of IEC-6 cell apoptosis. This effect was more than 100-fold stronger if both of the TNF-R were stimulated, compared to stimulation of the p55-TNF-R alone, indicating an important apoptosis enhancing effect of the p75-TNF-R. TNFalpha-induced apoptosis required activation of ICE caspases and was completely abolished by its inhibitor, zVAD-fmk. Specific inhibition of caspase-3 with zDEVD-fmk did not alter the effect of TNFalpha. Western blot analyses confirmed that caspase-3 was not activated in response to TNFalpha. In the presence of complete inhibition of the caspase cascade with zVAD-fmk (>/=50 microM), TNFalpha induced cell necrosis rather than apoptosis. Our data reveal that TNFalpha can trigger enterocyte cell death via apoptosis or necrosis, depending upon the activation or blockade of specific caspases.
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PMID:TNFalpha-induced IEC-6 cell apoptosis requires activation of ICE caspases whereas complete inhibition of the caspase cascade leads to necrotic cell death. 1038 60

Manganese ions block apoptosis of phagocytes induced by various agents. The prevention of apoptosis was attributed to the activation of manganous superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) and to the antioxidant function of free Mn2+ cations. However, the effect of Mn2+ on B cell apoptosis is not documented. In this study, we investigated the effects of Mn2+ on the apoptotic process in human B cells. We observed that Mn2+ but not Mg2+ or Ca2+, inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis of activated tonsilar B cells, Epstein Barr virus (EBV)-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines (BL-CL) and EBV-transformed B cell lines (EBV-BCL). In the same conditions, no apoptosis was observed in U937, a monoblastic cell line. Induction of B cell apoptosis by Mn2+ was time- and dose-dependent. The cell permeable tripeptide inhibitor of ICE family cysteine proteases, zVAD-fmk, suppressed Mn2+-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, Mn2+ triggered the activation of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE/caspase 1), followed by the activation of CPP32/Yama/Apopain/caspase-3. In addition, poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), a cellular substrate for CPP32 protease was degraded to generate apoptotic fragments in Mn2+-treated B cell lines. The inhibitor, zVAD-fmk suppressed Mn2+-triggered CPP32 activation and PARP cleavage and apoptosis. These results indicate that the activation of caspase family proteases is required for the apoptotic process induced by Mn2+ treatment of B cells. While the caspase-1 inhibitor YVAD was unable to block apoptosis, the caspase-3 specific inhibitor DEVD-cmk, partially inhibited Mn2+-induced CPP32 activation, PARP cleavage and apoptosis of cells. Moreover, Bcl-2 overexpression in BL-CL effectively protected cells from apoptosis and cell death induced by manganese. This is the first report showing the involvement of Mn2+ in the regulation of B lymphocyte death presumably via a caspase-dependent process with a death-protective effect of Bcl-2.
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PMID:Manganese induces apoptosis of human B cells: caspase-dependent cell death blocked by bcl-2. 1038 35

Prolactin (PRL) has been reported to inhibit dexamethasone (Dex) induced cell death. Nevertheless, the mechanism through which PRL exerts its protective effect is still not unravelled. Here, we analyse the effect of PRL at different stages of the glucocorticoid (GC) apoptotic pathway in PRL dependent cells (Nb2 cells). PRL blocks completely the GC induced loss of the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi(m)) and consequently phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and loss of DNA content. Although PRL promotes an upregulation of the bcl-2 expression, simultaneous addition of PRL to GC fails to maintain even the normal levels of this anti-apoptotic protein. This finding excludes a critical role for bcl-2 in the PRL protective effect against GC. GC induced delta psi(m) disruption can be inhibited by the ICE-like inhibitor zVAD-fmk but not by ICE inhibitor tetrapeptide acetyl-Tyr-Val-Ala-Asp.chloromethylketone (YVAD-cmk) nor by caspase-3 inhibitor zDEVD. It can be speculated that PRL blocks delta psi(m) disruption by inhibiting an unknown caspase activated by GC.
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PMID:Prolactin blocks glucocorticoid induced cell death by inhibiting the disruption of the mitochondrial membrane. 1045 73

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