Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P42574 (caspase-3)
 45,978 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The ability of the transcription factor NF-kappaB to upregulate anti-apoptotic proteins has been linked to the chemoresistance of solid tumors to standard chemotherapy. In contrast, recent studies have proposed that, in response to doxorubicin, NF-kappaB can be pro-apoptotic through repression of anti-apoptotic target genes. However, there is little evidence analyzing the outcome of NF-kappaB inhibition on the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in studies describing pro-apoptotic NF-kappaB activity. In this study, we further characterize the activation of NF-kappaB in response to doxorubicin and evaluate its role in chemotherapy-induced cell death in sarcoma cells where NF-kappaB is reported to be pro-apoptotic. Doxorubicin treatment in U2OS cells induced canonical NF-kappaB activity as evidenced by increased nuclear accumulation of phosphorylated p65 at serine 536 and increased DNA-binding activity. Co-treatment with a small molecule IKKbeta inhibitor, Compound A, abrogated this response. RT-PCR evaluation of anti-apoptotic gene expression revealed that doxorubicin-induced transcription of cIAP2 was inhibited by Compound A, while doxorubicin-induced repression of other anti-apoptotic genes was unaffected by Compound A or siRNA to p65. Furthermore, the combination of doxorubicin and canonical NF-kappaB inhibition with Compound A or siRNA to p65 resulted in decreased cell viability measured by trypan blue staining and MTS assay and increased apoptosis measured by cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and cleaved caspase 3 when compared to doxorubicin alone. Our results demonstrate that doxorubicin-induced canonical NF-kappaB activity associated with phosphorylated p65 is anti-apoptotic in its function and that doxorubicin-induced repression of anti-apoptotic genes occurs independent of p65. Therefore, combination therapies incorporating NF-kappaB inhibitors together with standard chemotherapies remains a viable method to improve the clinical outcomes in patients with advanced stage malignancies.
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PMID:Addressing reported pro-apoptotic functions of NF-kappaB: targeted inhibition of canonical NF-kappaB enhances the apoptotic effects of doxorubicin. 1974 55

Patients with advanced breast cancer frequently develop bone metastases, and at this stage, the disease is considered incurable. Here, we show that a 6-week course of weekly administration of doxorubicin (2 mg/kg), followed 24 hours later by the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (100microg/kg), causes substantial inhibition of MDA-MB-436 breast tumor burden in bone of immunocompromised mice, compared with administration of the single agents. Molecular analysis of tumors from animals treated sequentially with doxorubicin followed by zoledronic acid showed reduced numbers of proliferating tumor cells and decreased expression of cyclins E1, B, D1, and D3 as well as cdk2 and cdk4. Tumors from the sequential treatment group also displayed increased levels of apoptosis, increased expression of bcl2-associated X protein, decreased expression of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2, and activation of caspase 3, 8, and 9. Zoledronic acid caused a small reduction in tumor volume, reduced tumor cell proliferation, and decreased expression of cyclins D1 and D3, compared with tumors from animals treated with saline or doxorubicin. Doxorubicin had no effect on tumor growth, cell cycle, or apoptosis in vivo, but did cause increased accumulation of a bisphosphonate in MDA-MB-436 cells in vitro, suggesting that doxorubicin may affect subsequent uptake of zoledronic acid. In support of this, accumulation of unprenylated Rap1A, a surrogate marker of zoledronic acid, was only detected in tumors following sequential treatment, and not following treatment with zoledronic acid alone. Our data are the first to show the specific molecular pathways by which sequential treatment with doxorubicin and zoledronic acid induce tumor cell apoptosis and inhibit proliferation in an in vivo model of breast tumor growth in bone.
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PMID:Anticancer mechanisms of doxorubicin and zoledronic acid in breast cancer tumor growth in bone. 1978 17

This study was purposed to explore the effects of baicalin on proliferation and apoptosis of adriamycin-resistant human myeloid leukemia cell line HL-60/ADR. HL-60/ADR cells were in vitro cultured and its proliferation inhibition was detected by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis was tested by Annexin V FITC/PI double staining analysis, DNA fragmentation and TUNEL labeling method. The expressions of c-myc and bcl-2 mRNA were detected by RT-PCR, and the protein expressions of C-MYC, BCL-2, caspase-3 precursor (procaspase-3), PARP and BAD were determined by Western blot. The results showed that baicalin could remarkably inhibited the HL-60/ADR cell proliferation, the cell doubling time was 48 hours, with an IC50 value of 28 micromol/L. Apoptosis occurred in dose dependent manner (20, 40, 80 micromol/L), and cell apoptosis in earlier and later stages could be detected by Annexin V FITC/PI double staining analysis, DNA fragmentation and TUNEL labeling method. The expressions of c-myc and bcl-2 mRNA in baicalin-treated cells decreased in a time-dependent manner (12, 24, 48 hours). Meanwhile, protein expressions of C-MYC, BBL-2, procaspase-3 and PARP (116 kD) were down-regulated in a time-dependent manner, while the expression of PARP (85 kD) and BAD were up-regulated. It is concluded that the baicalin efficiently induces proliferative inhibition and apoptosis in HL-60/ADR cells. All of above related genes and proteins may be involved in these processes.
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PMID:[Effects of baicalin on proliferation and apoptosis of adriamycin-resistant human leukemia HL-60/ADR cells]. 1984 Apr 49

Doxorubicin (DOX), a widely used anticancer drug, has a dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, attributed mainly to free radical formation. The cardiomyocyte oxidative stress occurs rapidly after DOX treatment, resulting in harmful modifications to proteins, lipids, and DNA. Previous data showed that oral l-glutamine (Gln) prevented cardiac lipid peroxidation and maintained normal cardiac glutathione (GSH) levels in DOX-treated rats. Our aim in this study was to examine the effect of Gln on DOX-induced cardiac oxidative stress in a tumor-bearing host. Female Fisher344 rats with implanted MatBIII mammary tumors were randomized into 2 groups: a Gln group that received l-Gln (1 g.kg(-1).d(-1)) (n = 10) via a Gln-enriched diet and/or gavage with 50% Gln suspension during the whole experiment and a control group that was fed the same diet formulation without Gln and/or were gavaged with water. All rats received a single injection of 12 mg/kg DOX and were killed 3 d later. GSH levels of hearts, livers, tumors, and blood, as well as cardiac histological alterations, lipid peroxidation, peroxinitrite levels, and caspase-3 activation were determined. Cardiac physiologic alterations were assessed by ultrasound imaging before and 3 d after DOX administration. The Gln supplementation resulted in lower cardiac lipid peroxidation and peroxintrite levels and elevated cardiac catalase enzyme activity and GSH compared with the controls, without affecting those of the tumors. DOX-induced alterations of the echocardiographic parameters were significantly reduced in the Gln-supplemented rats. These data indicate that Gln is able to reduce the oxidative damage of cardiomyocytes that occurs soon after DOX administration and thus protects the heart of a tumor-bearing host from DOX-induced cardiomyopathy.
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PMID:Oral glutamine protects against acute doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity of tumor-bearing rats. 1988 10

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate the expression of multiple proteins in a dose-dependent manner. We hypothesized that increased expression of miRNAs encoded on chromosome 21 (chr 21) contribute to the leukemogenic function of trisomy 21. The levels of chr 21 miRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR in four types of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) characterized by either numerical (trisomy or tetrasomy) or structural abnormalities of chr 21. Suprisingly, high expression of the hsa-mir-125b-2 cluster, consisting of three miRNAs, was identified in leukemias with the structural ETV6/RUNX1 abnormality and not in ALLs with trisomy 21. Manipulation of ETV6/RUNX1 expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies showed that the high expression of the miRNA cluster is an event independent of the ETV6/RUNX1 fusion protein. Overexpression of hsa-mir-125b-2 conferred a survival advantage to Ba/F3 cells after IL-3 withdrawal or a broad spectrum of apoptotic stimuli through inhibition of caspase 3 activation. Conversely, knockdown of the endogenous miR-125b in the ETV6/RUNX1 leukemia cell line REH increased apoptosis after Doxorubicin and Staurosporine treatments. P53 protein levels were not altered by miR-125b. Together, these results suggest that the expression of hsa-mir-125b-2 in ETV6/RUNX1 ALL provides survival advantage to growth inhibitory signals in a p53-independent manner.
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PMID:Hsa-mir-125b-2 is highly expressed in childhood ETV6/RUNX1 (TEL/AML1) leukemias and confers survival advantage to growth inhibitory signals independent of p53. 1989 Mar 72

High-throughput flow cytometry of adherent cells is difficult because the creation of single cell suspensions can damage cells and yield artificial results. We describe a protocol to increase the single cell suspension yield of adherent human cells without injury. Doxorubicin, a cytotoxic agent, was administered to adherent human pancreatic carcinoma cell lines (Panc-1 and AsPC-1) to produce alterations in the cell cycle and intracellular protein expression. The cells in 96-well plates were disassociated using a collagenase and trypsin mixture. Fluorescence-activated high-throughput flow cytometry evaluated cellular viability as well as surface and intracellular protein expression. Cell cycle analysis was performed using 7-aminoactinomycin D and intracellular protein characterization was performed using a fluorescein-labeled monoclonal antibody against activated caspase-3. The collagenase-trypsin-based protocol increased single cell events from 31.9 +/- 0.5% using trypsin alone (standard) to a range of 62.1% to 85.5% without adversely affecting viability. High-throughput flow cytometry demonstrated that the addition of collagenase to the disassociation solution not only permitted significantly higher rates of single cell creation, but it did not negatively affect the doxorubicin-induced protein expression. This protocol allows for expedient and effective disassociation of adherent human cells in order to investigate alterations in specific cellular enzymes and pathways.
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PMID:A protocol to effectively create single cell suspensions of adherent cells for multiparameter high-throughput flow cytometry. 1999 69

The aim of this study is to compare the effects of new fluorinated taxanes SB-T-12851, SB-T-12852, SB-T-12853, and SB-T-12854 with those of the classical taxane paclitaxel and novel non-fluorinated taxane SB-T-1216 on cancer cells. Paclitaxel-sensitive MDA-MB-435 and paclitaxel-resistant NCI/ADR-RES human cancer cell lines were used. Cell growth and survival evaluation, colorimetric assessment of caspases activities, flow cytometric analyses of the cell cycle and the assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria were employed. Fluorinated taxanes have similar effects on cell growth and survival. For MDA-MB-435 cells, the C(50) of SB-T-12851, SB-T-12852, SB-T-12853 and SB-T-12854 was 3 nM, 4 nM, 3 nM and 5 nM, respectively. For NCI/ADR-RES cells, the C(50) of SB-T-12851, SB-T-12852, SB-T-12853, and SB-T-12854 was 20 nM, 20 nM, 10 nM and 10 nM, respectively. Selected fluorinated taxanes, SB-T-12853 and SB-T-12854, at the death-inducing concentrations (30 nM for MDA-MB-435 and 300 nM for NCI/ADR-RES) were shown to activate significantly caspase-3, caspase-9, caspase-2 and also slightly caspase-8. Cell death was associated with significant accumulation of cells in the G(2)/M phase. Cytochrome c was not released from mitochondria and other mitochondrial functions were not significantly impaired. The new fluorinated taxanes appear to use the same or similar mechanisms of cell death induction as compared with SB-T-1216 and paclitaxel. New fluorinated and non-fluorinated taxanes are more effective against drug-resistant cancer cells than paclitaxel. Therefore, new generation of taxanes, either non-fluorinated or fluorinated, are excellent candidates for further and detailed studies.
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PMID:Cell death induced by novel fluorinated taxanes in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant cancer cells. 2001 48

Small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapies have great potential for the treatment of debilitating diseases such as cancer, but an effective delivery strategy for siRNA is elusive. Here, pH-responsive complexes were developed for the delivery of siRNA in order to sensitize drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells (NCI/ADR-RES) to doxorubicin. The electrostatic complexes consisted of a cationic micelle used as a nucleating core, siRNA, and a pH-responsive endosomolytic polymer. Cationic micelles were formed from diblock copolymers of dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (pDMAEMA) and butyl methacrylate (pDbB). The hydrophobic butyl core mediated micelle formation while the positively charged pDMAEMA corona enabled siRNA condensation. To enhance cytosolic delivery through endosomal release, a pH-responsive copolymer of poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) (pSMA) was electrostatically complexed with the positively charged siRNA/micelle to form a ternary complex. Complexes exhibited size (30-105 nm) and charge (slightly positive) properties important for endocytosis and were found to be noncytotoxic and mediate uptake in >70% of ovarian cancer cells after 1 h of incubation. The pH-responsive ternary complexes were used to deliver siRNA against polo-like kinase 1 (plk1), a gene upregulated in many cancers and responsible for cell cycle progression, to ovarian cancer cell lines. Treatment resulted in approximately 50% reduction of plk1 gene expression in the drug-resistant NCI/ADR-RES ovarian cancer cell model and in the drug-sensitive parental cell line, OVCAR8. This knockdown functionally sensitized NCI/ADR-RES cells to doxorubicin at levels similar to OVCAR8. Sensitization occurred through a p53 signaling pathway, as indicated by caspase 3/7 upregulation following plk1 knockdown and doxorubicin treatment, and this effect could be abrogated using a p53 inhibitor. To demonstrate the potential for dual delivery from this polymer system, micelle cores were subsequently loaded with doxorubicin and utilized in ternary complexes to achieve cell sensitization through simultaneous siRNA and drug delivery from a single carrier. These results show knockdown of plk1 results in sensitization of multidrug resistant cells to doxorubicin, and this combination of gene silencing and small molecule drug delivery may prove useful to achieve potent therapeutic effects.
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PMID:pH-responsive polymeric sirna carriers sensitize multidrug resistant ovarian cancer cells to doxorubicin via knockdown of polo-like kinase 1. 2007 8

Multidrug resistance mediated by the drug efflux protein, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), is one of the principal mechanisms by which tumor cells escape the cell death induced by chemotherapeutic agents. In our previous study, we demonstrated that KBH-A42 [N-hydroxy-3-(2-oxo-1-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-3-yl)propanamide], a synthetic histone deacetylase inhibitor, effectively inhibited the growth of several human cancer cell lines. In this study, we attempted to determine whether KBH-A42 was also capable of inhibiting the growth of multidrug-resistant cells. Doxorubicin dose-dependently inhibited the growth of P-gp-negative K562 human leukemia cells, but did not show substantial inhibition on the growth of P-gp-positive K562/ADR cells even at 10 microM, the highest concentration of KBH-A42 used, which increased the acetylation of histones in these leukemia cells, dose-dependently and effectively inhibited the cell growth, regardless of the presence of P-gp in the cells. KBH-A42 mediated G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, probably as the result of the down-regulation of CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6 and the up-regulation of p21WAF1. When the expression of p21WAF1 was ablated by a specific siRNA, the inhibition of cell growth by KBH-A42 was partly reduced in both cell lines. In addition to the cell cycle arrest, KBH-A42 also induced apoptosis in these cells, which was accompanied by the activation of caspases, including caspase-9, caspase-8 and caspase-3. The pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-fmk, partially blocked the cell death induced by KBH-A42. These results indicate that KBH-A42 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via the up-regulation of p21WAF1 and caspase activation, respectively, regardless of the presence of P-gp in the leukemia cells.
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PMID:KBH-A42, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, inhibits the growth of doxorubicin-resistant leukemia cells expressing P-glycoprotein. 2012 23

The present report describes the synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of certain indolo[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives. For the C(6) anilino-substituted derivatives, (11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-6-yl)phenylamine (6a) was inactive. Structural optimization of 6a by the introduction of a hydroxyl group at the anilino-moiety resulted in the enhancement of antiproliferative activity in which the activity decreased in an order of para-OH, 7a>meta-OH, 8a>ortho-OH, 9a. For the C(6) alkylamino-substituted derivatives, 11a, 12a, 13a, 14a, and 15a exhibited comparable antiproliferative activities against all cancer cells tested and the skin Detroit 551 normal fibroblast cells. Three cancer cells, HeLa, A549, and SKHep, are very susceptible with IC(50) of less than 2.17 microM while PC-3 is relatively resistant to this group of indolo[3,2-c]quinolines. For the 2-phenylethylamino derivatives, compound 20a is active against the growth of HeLa with an IC(50) of 0.52 microM, but is less effective against the growth of Detroit 551 with an IC(50) of 19.32 microM. For the bis-indolo[3,2-c]quinolines, N,N-bis-[3-(11H-indolo[3,2-c]quinolin-6-yl)aminopropyl]amine hydrochloride (25) is more active than its N-methyl derivative 26 and the positive Doxorubicin. Mechanism studies indicated 25 can induce caspase-3 activation, gamma-H2AX phosphorylation, cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase and DNA fragmentation. These results provide evidence that DNA, topo I, and topo II are the primary targets of indolo[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives and that consequently inhibits proliferation and causes apoptosis in cancer cells.
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PMID:Synthesis and antiproliferative evaluation of certain indolo[3,2-c]quinoline derivatives. 2017 Nov 8


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