Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P42574 (caspase-3)
 45,978 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We investigated the potential roles of three members of the interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE) protease family (caspases) in apoptosis in olfactory epithelium. By RT-PCR analysis, the mRNAs of caspase 1 (ICE), caspase 2 (ICH-1), and caspase 3 (CPP32) were detected in olfactory mucosa obtained from normal adults, E19 fetuses, and unilaterally bulbectomized rats. The transcript of caspase 2 disappeared in bulbectomized animals 3 and 5 days postoperatively, but reappeared 21 days postoperatively. This suggests that most of the caspase 2 transcript was in olfactory sensory neurons. We used TNF-alpha to induce cell death in organotypic cultures of E19 olfactory epithelium and assayed the ability of three caspase inhibitors to reverse the TNF-alpha effect. After 6 h of treatment with medium containing TNF-alpha, a 2.5-fold increase in apoptotic body number was observed throughout the olfactory epithelium. Pretreatment of the cultures with either of two irreversible caspase inhibitors (Z-VAD-fmk, Ac-YVAD-cmk) for 4 h, followed by a 6-h treatment with TNF-alpha plus an inhibitor, blocked TNF-alpha-induced cell death completely. Pretreatment with a third caspase inhibitor (Z-DEVD-fmk) in the same treatment schedule reduced the numbers of apoptotic cells significantly but not to the same extent as Z-VAD-fmk or Ac-YVAD-cmk. Increasing the dose of any of the inhibitors reduced the numbers of apoptotic figures below those of control cultures, indicating that the inhibitory response is dose dependent. Taken together, the results suggest that caspases 1, 2, and 3, and perhaps others that are blocked by the inhibitors we used, participate in TNF-alpha-induced cell death in vitro.
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PMID:Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis in olfactory epithelium in vitro: possible roles of caspase 1 (ICE), caspase 2 (ICH-1), and caspase 3 (CPP32). 1096 83

The enterobacterial pathogen Salmonella induces phagocyte apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. These bacteria use a specialized type III secretion system to export a virulence factor, SipB, which directly activates the host's apoptotic machinery by targeting caspase-1. Caspase-1 is not involved in most apoptotic processes but plays a major role in cytokine maturation. We show that caspase-1-deficient macrophages undergo apoptosis within 4-6 h of infection with invasive bacteria. This process requires SipB, implying that this protein can initiate the apoptotic machinery by regulating components distinct from caspase-1. Invasive Salmonella typhimurium targets caspase-2 simultaneously with, but independently of, caspase-1. Besides caspase-2, the caspase-1-independent pathway involves the activation of caspase-3, -6, and -8 and the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, none of which occurs during caspase-1-dependent apoptosis. By using caspase-2 knockout macrophages and chemical inhibition, we establish a role for caspase-2 in both caspase-1-dependent and -independent apoptosis. Particularly, activation of caspase-1 during fast Salmonella-induced apoptosis partially relies on caspase-2. The ability of Salmonella to induce caspase-1-independent macrophage apoptosis may play a role in situations in which activation of this protease is either prevented or uncoupled from the induction of apoptosis.
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PMID:Salmonella-induced caspase-2 activation in macrophages: a novel mechanism in pathogen-mediated apoptosis. 1101 44

Dysregulation of apoptosis is one of the likely underlying mechanisms of neointimal thickening, a disorder in which proinflammatory cytokines may influence the function of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and contribute to atherogenesis. One of these cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), induces 2 possibly conflicting pathways, 1 leading to the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and the other leading to caspase-mediated apoptosis. We investigated whether specific inhibition of NF-kappaB affects TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis in human VSMCs. To inhibit NF-kappaB activation specifically, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus vector expressing a truncated form of the inhibitor protein IkappaBalpha (AdexIkappaBDeltaN) that lacks the phosphorylation sites essential for activation of NF-kappaB. The IkappaBDeltaN was overexpressed by adenoviral infection and was resistant to stimulus-dependent degradation. Electromobility gel shift and luciferase assays demonstrated that overexpression of IkappaBDeltaN inhibited NF-kappaB activation induced by TNF-alpha or interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta). In cells overexpressing IkappaBDeltaN, TNF-alpha dramatically induced apoptosis, whereas IL-1beta had no effect. The induction was suppressed by treatment with a selective inhibitor of the caspase-3 family, Z-DEVD-fmk, and the overexpression of IkappaBDeltaN induced TNF-alpha-mediated caspase-3 and caspase-2 activity. These results indicate that overexpression of IkappaBDeltaN induces TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis by efficient and specific suppression of NF-kappaB and upregulation of caspase-3 and caspase-2 activity in human VSMCs. Our findings suggest that adenovirus-mediated IkappaBDeltaN gene transfer may be useful in the treatment of disorders associated with inflammatory conditions, such as the response to vascular injury and atherosclerosis.
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PMID:Overexpression of truncated IkappaBalpha induces TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. 1103 Dec 4

TRAIL induces apoptosis in various tumor cells. We report here that caspase-8 is required in TRAIL-induced cell death. Western blot analyses and enzyme assays showed that exposing Jurkat cells to TRAIL resulted in activation of caspases-8 followed by caspase-3 and -9. Acetyl-IETD-fluoromethylketone, a caspase-8 inhibitor, potently suppressed TRAIL-induced cell death compared to acetyl-DEVD-fluoromethylketone and acetyl-LEHD-fluoromethylketone, inhibitors of caspase-3 and caspase-9, respectively. JB6 cells, a caspase-8-deficient Jurkat variant, were completely resistant to TRAIL. However, reconstitution with a caspase-8, but not with caspase-2 or -3, sensitized JB6 cells to subsequent exposure to TRAIL. These results are indicative of the crucial function of caspase-8 in TRAIL-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells.
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PMID:Reconstitution of caspase-8 sensitizes JB6 cells to TRAIL. 1103 23

When PC12 cells are deprived of trophic support they undergo apoptosis. We have previously shown that survival of trophic factor-deprived PC12M1 cells can be promoted by activation of the G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors. The mechanism whereby muscarinic receptors inhibit apoptosis is poorly understood. In the present study we investigated this mechanism by examining the effect of muscarinic receptor activation on the serum deprivation-induced activity of key players in apoptosis, the caspases, in PC12M1 cells. The results showed that m1 muscarinic activation inhibits caspase activity induced by serum deprivation. This effect appeared to be caused by the prevention of activation of caspases such as caspase-2 and caspase-3, and not by the inhibition of existing activity. Muscarinic receptor activation also stimulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signaling-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase signaling pathways. The PI 3-kinase pathway inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002, as well as the MAPK/ERK pathway PD98059 inhibitor, did not however suppress the inhibitory effect of the muscarinic receptors on caspase activity. The results therefore suggested that the muscarinic survival effect is mediated by a pathway that leads to caspase inhibition by MAPK/ERK- and PI 3-kinase-independent signaling cascades.
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PMID:M1 muscarinic receptors block caspase activation by phosphoinositide 3-kinase- and MAPK/ERK-independent pathways. 1104 77

Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy-trans-stilbene), in the concentration range of 20 microM and above, induced arrest in the S-phase and apoptosis in the T cell-derived T-ALL lymphocytic leukemia cell line CEM-C7H2 which is deficient in functional p53 and p16. Expression of transgenic p16/INK4A, which causes arrest in G0/G1, markedly reduced the percentage of apoptotic cells. Antagonist antibodies to Fas or FasL, or constitutive expression of crmA did not diminish the extent of resveratrol-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a caspase-8-negative, Fas-resistant Jurkat cell line was sensitive to resveratrol-induced apoptosis which could be strongly inhibited in the Jurkat as well as in the CEM cell line by z-VAD-fmk and z-IETD-fmk. The almost complete inhibition by z-IETD-fmk and the lack of inhibition by crmA suggested caspase-6 to be the essential initiator caspase. Western blots revealed the massive conversion of procaspase-6 to its active form, while caspase-3 and caspase-2 were proteolytically activated to a much lesser extent.
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PMID:Resveratrol causes arrest in the S-phase prior to Fas-independent apoptosis in CEM-C7H2 acute leukemia cells. 1104 78

We have attempted to elucidate the precise mechanism of nitric oxide (NO)-induced apoptotic neuronal cell death. Enzymatic cleavages of DEVD-AFC, VDVAD-AFC, and LEHD-AFC (specific substrates for caspase-3-like protease (caspase-3 and -7), caspase-2, and caspase-9, respectively) were observed by treatment with NO. Western blot analysis showed that pro-forms of caspase-2, -3, -6, and -7 are decreased during apoptosis. Interestingly, Ac-DEVD-CHO, a caspase-3-like protease inhibitor, blocked not only the decreases in caspase-2 and -7, but also the formation of p17 from p20 in caspase-3 induced by NO, suggesting that caspase-3 exists upstream of caspase-2 and -7. Bongkrekic acid, a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition, specifically blocked both the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent DNA fragmentation in response to NO. Thus, NO results in neuronal apoptosis through the sequential loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase activation, and degradation of inhibitor of caspase-activated DNase (CAD) (CAD activation).
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PMID:Mechanism of nitric oxide-induced apoptosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. 1107 88

Integrin receptors mediate several functions including prevention of matrix detachment-induced apoptosis (anoikis) of several adherent cell types. We report here that antagonists of beta1 integrins trigger an apoptotic signaling pathway in adherent differentiated LAN-5 human neuroblastoma cells, a cell line which represents a model system for the study of human neurons. The pathway is characterized by cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, 4-6h after treatment; cleavage products of caspase-8 and caspase-2 were not detectable in the cells. Coordinate inactivation of cell survival pathways, including cleavage of focal adhesion kinase, decreased expression of protein kinase B, and reduced phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bad, also characterized the signaling pathway. These events occurred in adherent cells; DNA fragmentation and detachment followed as late events 18-24h after addition of beta1 integrin antagonists. zDEVD-fmk, an irreversible inhibitor of caspase-3-like enzymes, and cytochalasin D, an actin depolymerizing agent, blocked caspase-3 cleavage and delayed cell death. In contrast to these results, undifferentiated, adherent and dividing LAN-5 cells did not die in response to beta1 integrin antagonists. These studies identify a distinct apoptotic pathway which is triggered by antagonists of beta1 integrins on differentiated adherent neuronal cells.
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PMID:beta1 integrin antagonism on adherent, differentiated human neuroblastoma cells triggers an apoptotic signaling pathway. 1111 63

The recognized role of caspases as executioners of apoptosis, led us to investigate their involvement in death responses induced by okadaic acid (OA) in HeLa S(3) and MCF-7 cells. A one-day treatment with OA induced accumulation of the 85kDa poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) fragment in cell lysates but the response was prevented if cells were treated with OA in the presence of the caspase inhibitors Z-VAD-FMK and Z-DEVD-FMK. The HeLa S(3) and MCF-7 cells were found to contain measurable levels of the intact caspase-2, -7, -8 and -9 zymogens, whereas caspase-3 was found only in HeLa cells. After one day of OA treatment, pro-caspase-2, -3, -7 and -9 isoforms were found processed in HeLa cells, whereas only pro-caspase-2 was processed in MCF-7 cells. Pro-caspase-8, in turn, was mostly unprocessed in both cell lines. The possible interference of caspase inhibitors on cell death was also evaluated, and we found that both Z-VAD-FMK and Z-DEVD-FMK could contribute different extents of protection of MCF-7 and HeLa cells from toxic effects caused by OA. We concluded that OA triggers multiple pathways of caspase processing, contributing to death responses triggered by OA in HeLa S(3) and MCF-7 cells.
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PMID:The toxic responses induced by okadaic acid involve processing of multiple caspase isoforms. 1113 34

Apoptotic cell death is induced in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells following exposure to the protein kinase inhibitors staurosporine (100 nM) and 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine: H-7 (100 microM). This is associated with reduced levels of PARP 117 kDa and with the concomitant formation of PARP-cleaved products of 89 kDa that result from caspase-3 activation. The process is inhibited with DEVD-fmk, a potent caspase-3 (and caspase-8) inhibitor, thus indicating that staurosporine- and H-7-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y is mediated by caspase activation. Increased caspase-2- and caspase-3-like activities, but not caspase-9-like activity, were demonstrated by monitoring proteolysis of the corresponding colorimetric substrates. Caspase-2 activity peaked at 6 h, whereas caspase-3 peaked at 12 h in parallel with the maximal loss of cell viability. No modifications in the expression levels of Fas and Fas-L were observed by Western blotting. Furthermore, no activation of caspase-8 was elicited by colorimetric assays through the process of apoptosis of neuroblastoma cells. These findings indicate that the Fas/Fas-L-caspase-8 pathway of cell death signaling is not involved in staurosporine- and H-7-induced apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells.
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PMID:Staurosporine- and H-7-induced cell death in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is associated with caspase-2 and caspase-3 activation, but not with activation of the FAS/FAS-L-caspase-8 signaling pathway. 1114 7


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