Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P42345 (mTOR)
 26,049 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Endurance training induces a partial fast-to-slow muscle phenotype transformation and mitochondrial biogenesis but no growth. In contrast, resistance training mainly stimulates muscle protein synthesis resulting in hypertrophy. The aim of this study was to identify signaling events that may mediate the specific adaptations to these types of exercise. Isolated rat muscles were electrically stimulated with either high frequency (HFS; 6x10 repetitions of 3 s-bursts at 100 Hz to mimic resistance training) or low frequency (LFS; 3 h at 10 Hz to mimic endurance training). HFS significantly increased myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic protein synthesis 3 h after stimulation 5.3- and 2.7-fold, respectively. LFS had no significant effect on protein synthesis 3 h after stimulation but increased UCP3 mRNA 11.7-fold, whereas HFS had no significant effect on UCP3 mRNA. Only LFS increased AMPK phosphorylation significantly at Thr172 by approximately 2-fold and increased PGC-1alpha protein to 1.3 times of control. LFS had no effect on PKB phosphorylation but reduced TSC2 phosphorylation at Thr1462 and deactivated translational regulators. In contrast, HFS acutely increased phosphorylation of PKB at Ser473 5.3-fold and the phosphorylation of TSC2, mTOR, GSK-3beta at PKB-sensitive sites. HFS also caused a prolonged activation of the translational regulators p70 S6k, 4E-BP1, eIF-2B, and eEF2. These data suggest that a specific signaling response to LFS is a specific activation of the AMPK-PGC-1alpha signaling pathway which may explain some endurance training adaptations. HFS selectively activates the PKB-TSC2-mTOR cascade causing a prolonged activation of translational regulators, which is consistent with increased protein synthesis and muscle growth. We term this behavior the "AMPK-PKB switch." We hypothesize that the AMPK-PKB switch is a mechanism that partially mediates specific adaptations to endurance and resistance training, respectively.
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PMID:Selective activation of AMPK-PGC-1alpha or PKB-TSC2-mTOR signaling can explain specific adaptive responses to endurance or resistance training-like electrical muscle stimulation. 1571 93

TOR (Target of Rapamycin) pathway accelerates cellular and organismal aging. Similar to rapamycin, p53 can inhibit the mTOR pathway in some mammalian cells. Mice lacking one copy of p53 (p53+/- mice) have an increased cancer incidence and a shorter lifespan. We hypothesize that rapamycin can delay cancer in heterozygous p53+/- mice. Here we show that rapamycin (given in a drinking water) extended the mean lifespan of p53+/- mice by 10% and when treatment started early in life (at the age less than 5 months) by 28%. In addition, rapamycin decreased the incidence of spontaneous tumors. This observation may have applications in management of Li-Fraumeni syndrome patients characterized by heterozygous mutations in the p53 gene.
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PMID:Rapamycin extends lifespan and delays tumorigenesis in heterozygous p53+/- mice. 2312 59

Sulforaphene (LFS-01) is the major chemical constituent of Raphanus sativus, a medicinal herb used for over a thousand years in traditional Chinese medicine. Here we identified that LFS-01 can selectively eradicate lymphoma cells while sparing normal lymphocytes by triggering concomitant mitophagy and apoptosis. We demonstrated that LFS-01 can retain Nrf2 in the nucleus by covalently modulating CRM1 and consequently upregulate p62/SQSTM1, an essential structural component of the autophagosomes during mitophagic process. We found that LFS-01 treatment also stimulated AMPK and thereby inhibited the mTOR pathway. On the contrary, we revealed that AMPK inhibition can severely impair the LFS-01-mediated mitophagy. Transcriptomic studies confirmed that 15 autophagy-associated genes such as p62/SQSTM1, VCP and BCL2 were differentially expressed after LFS-01 treatment. Furthermore, protein interactome network analysis revealed that the events of apoptosis and the assembly of autophagy vacuole were significant upon LFS-01 exposure. Lastly, we found that LFS-01 exhibited strong efficacy in xenograft mouse model yet with the lack of apparent toxicity to animals. We concluded that LFS-01 triggered mitophagic cell death via CRM1-mediated p62 overexpression and AMPK activation. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of action for LFS-01 and highlight its potential applications in treating major human diseases.
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PMID:Traditional herbal medicine-derived sulforaphene promotes mitophagic cell death in lymphoma cells through CRM1-mediated p62/SQSTM1 accumulation and AMPK activation. 2924 43