Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P41181 (collecting duct)
 5,183 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Mineralocorticoids stimulate electrogenic Na+ transport in tight epithelia by altering the transcription of specific genes. Although the earliest mineralocorticoid effect is to increase the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), ENaC mRNA and protein levels do not change. Instead, physiologic observations suggest that a mineralocorticoid target gene(s) encodes an ENaC regulator(s). To begin to identify and characterize mineralocorticoid-regulated target genes, we used suppression-subtractive hybridization to generate a cDNA library from A6 cells, a stable cell line of Xenopus laevis of distal nephron origin. A serine-threonine kinase, SGK, was identified from this screen. Sequence comparison revealed that frog, rat, and human SGK are 92% identical and 96% similar at the amino acid level. SGK mRNA was confirmed by Northern blot to be strongly and rapidly corticosteroid stimulated in A6 cells. In situ hybridization revealed that SGK was strongly stimulated by aldosterone in rat collecting duct but not proximal tubule cells. Low levels of SGK were present in rat glomeruli, but SGK was unregulated in this structure. Finally, SGK stimulated ENaC activity approximately sevenfold when coexpressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. These data suggest that SGK is an important mediator of aldosterone effects on Na+ transport in tight epithelia. In view of the existence of SGK homologues in invertebrates, it is interesting to speculate that SGK is an ancient kinase that was adapted to the control of epithelial Na+ transport by early vertebrates as they made the transition from a marine to a freshwater environment.
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PMID:Role of SGK in mineralocorticoid-regulated sodium transport. 1076 55

The epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) constitutes the rate-limiting step for Na+ transport across tight epithelia and is the principal target of hormonal regulation, particularly by insulin and mineralocorticoids. Recently, the serine-threonine kinase (SGK) was identified as a rapidly mineralocorticoid-responsive gene, the product of which stimulates ENaC-mediated Na+ transport. Like its close relative, protein kinase B (also called Akt), SGK's kinase activity is dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), a key mediator of insulin signaling. In our study we show that PI3K is required for SGK-dependent stimulation of ENaC-mediated Na+ transport as well as for the production of the phosphorylated form of SGK. In A6 kidney cells, mineralocorticoid induction of the phosphorylated form of SGK preceded the increase in Na+ transport, and specific inhibition of PI3K inhibited both phosphorylation of SGK and mineralocorticoid-induced Na+ transport. Insulin both augmented SGK phosphorylation and synergized with mineralocorticoids in stimulating Na+ transport. In a Xenopus laevis oocyte coexpression assay, SGK-stimulated ENaC activity was also markedly reduced by PI3K inhibition. Finally, in vitro-translated SGK specifically interacted with the ENaC subunits expressed in Escherichia coli as glutathione S-transferase fusion proteins. These data suggest that SGK is a PI3K-dependent integrator of insulin and mineralocorticoid actions that interacts with ENaC subunits to control Na+ entry into kidney collecting duct cells.
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PMID:SGK integrates insulin and mineralocorticoid regulation of epithelial sodium transport. 1120 6

Serum- and glucocorticoid-induced kinases (SGK) are members of the serine-threonine kinase family. SGK1, the isoform identified first, is rapidly induced by aldosterone. In this study, we determined that the two recently described isoforms, SGK2 and SGK3 are also expressed in renal cortical collecting duct (CCD) cells; however, their expression is not induced by aldosterone or glucocorticoids. SGK1 increases the activity of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in oocytes but its cellular targets in native mineralocorticoid target cells and its mechanism of action are still unknown. We studied the role of SGK1 in corticosteroid-regulated Na transport in M-1 mouse CCD cell lines that stably over-express or down-regulate SGK1. Basal rates of transepithelial Na transport were significantly lower in CCD cells in which SGK1 expression or activity was down-regulated than in SGK1 overexpressing cells. Importantly, corticosteroid treatment failed to stimulate Na transport in cells with down-regulated SGK1 while it significantly increased Na transport in parent and SGK1 overexpressing M-1 cells. To determine if C-terminal PDZ interactions are important for SGK's effect on ENaC activity or trafficking, we examined the effects of mutant SGK1 in which the conserved PDZ binding domain has been eliminated. However, such mutations did not decrease its stimulatory effect on ENaC current in Xenopus oocytes. Fluorescence confocal microscopy revealed that the intracellular localization of full-length and PDZ binding mutated SGK1 was identical: they both localize to intracellular vesicular structures. On the other hand, N-terminally truncated (delta 60)-SGK1 did not increase ENaC activity. We conclude that SGK1 is a critical component in corticosteroid-regulated Na transport in mammalian CCD cells. Our data also indicate that the N-terminal of SGK1 is necessary for its stimulatory effect on Na transport while elimination of the C-terminal PDZ binding domain did not change its function.
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PMID:Regulation of sodium transport in mammalian collecting duct cells by aldosterone-induced kinase, SGK1: structure/function studies. 1513 18

The serine-threonine kinase WNK3 modulates Cl- transport into and out of cells through its regulation of SLC12A cation/Cl- cotransporters, implicating it as (one of) the long-sought Cl-/volume-sensitive kinase(s). Integrators in homeostatic systems regulate structurally diverse but functionally coupled elements. For example, the related kinase WNK4 regulates the Na-Cl co-transporter (NCC), paracellular Cl- flux, and the K+ channel ROMK1 (Kir1.1) to maintain renal NaCl and K+ homeostasis; mutations in PRKWNK4, encoding WNK4, cause a Mendelian disease featuring hypertension and hyperkalemia. It is known that WNK3 is expressed in the nephron's distal convoluted tubule (DCT) and stimulates NCC activity. Here, we show that WNK3 is also expressed in cortical and outer medullary collecting duct principal cells. Accordingly, we tested WNK3's effect on the mediators of NaCl and K+ handling in these nephron segments--the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC), paracellular Cl- flux, and ROMK1--using established model systems. WNK3 did not alter paracellular Cl- flux in tetracycline-responsive MDCK II cells, nor affect amiloride-sensitive currents when co-expressed with ENaC in Xenopus laevis oocytes. However, additional co-expression studies in oocytes revealed WNK3 inhibited the renal-specific K+ channel ROMK1 activity greater than 5.5-fold (p < .0001) by altering its plasmalemmal surface expression; WNK3 did not affect ROMK1's conductance or open/closed probability. In contrast, WNK3 had no effect on the activity of the cardiac long-QT syndrome K+ channel KCNQ1/KCNE1 when co-expressed in oocytes. Inhibition of ROMK1 is independent of WNK3's catalytic activity and is mediated by WNK3's carboxyl terminus--a mechanism distinct from its known kinase-dependent activation of NCC. A kinase-inactivating point mutation, or a missense mutation homologous to one in WNK4 that causes disease produced a gain-of-function effect, enhancing WNK3's inhibition of ROMK1 greater than 2.5-fold relative to wild type kinase (p < .0001). The magnitude and specificity of WNK3's effects at both NCC and ROMK1, its co-expression with its targets in the distal nephron, and the established in vivo effect of WNK4 at these same targets provide evidence that WNK3's action is physiologically relevant. WNK3 is likely a component of one of the mechanisms that determines the balance between renal NaCl reabsorption and K+ secretion.
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PMID:WNK3, a kinase related to genes mutated in hereditary hypertension with hyperkalaemia, regulates the K+ channel ROMK1 (Kir1.1). 1635 11

Epithelial ion transport in various organs has long been known to be controlled by extracellular agonists acting via membrane receptors or by intracellular messengers. Evidence is mounting for regulation of transport by direct interaction among membrane proteins or between a membrane transport protein and membrane-attached proteins. The membrane protein CFTR (Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator) is widely expressed along the length of the nephron, but its role as a chloride channel does not appear to be critical for renal handling of salt and water. It is well established that the inward rectifying K channels (ROMK = Kir 1.1) in the thick ascending limb of Henle and in principal cells of the collecting duct are inhibited by millimolar concentrations of cytosolic Mg-ATP. However, the mechanism of this inhibition has been an enigma. We propose that the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) protein CFTR is a cofactor for Kir 1.1 regulation. Indeed, Mg-ATP sensitivity of Kir 1.1 is completely absent in two different mouse models of cystic fibrosis. In addition, the open-closed state of CFTR appears to provide a molecular gating switch that prevents or facilitates the ATP sensing of Kir 1.1. Does Mg-ATP sensing by the CFTR- Kir 1.1 complex play a role in coupling metabolism to ion transport? Physiological intracellular ATP concentrations in tubule cells are in the millimolar range, a saturating concentration for the gating of Kir 1.1 by Mg-ATP. Therefore, Kir 1.1 channels would be closed and unable to contribute to regulation of potassium secretion unless some other process modulated the CFTR-dependent ATP-sensitivity of Kir 1.1. The third component of the metabolic sensor-effector complex for Kir 1.1 regulation is most likely the AMP-regulated serine-threonine kinase, AMP kinase (AMPK). Changing levels in AMP rather than in ATP constitute the metabolic signal "sensed" by tubule cells. Because AMPK inhibits CFTR by modulating CFTR channel gating, we propose that renal K secretion is physiologically regulated by tri-molecular interactions between Kir 1.1, CFTR and AMPK.
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PMID:Protein-protein interactions among ion channels regulate ion transport in the kidney. 2012 88

The renal collecting duct and other postmacula densa sites are the primary tubular regions for fine-tuning of electrolyte homeostasis in the body. A role for the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine-threonine kinase, has recently been appreciated in this regulation. mTOR exists in two distinct multiprotein functional complexes, i.e., mTORC1 and mTORC2. Upregulation of mTORC1, by growth factors and amino acids, is associated with cell cycle regulation and hypertrophic changes. In contrast, mTORC2 has been demonstrated to have a role in regulating Na+ and K+ reabsorptive processes, including those downstream of insulin and serum- and glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK). In addition, mTORC2 can upregulate mTORC1. A number of elegant in vitro and in vivo studies using cell systems and genetically modified mice have revealed mechanisms underlying activation of the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC) and the renal outer medullary K+ channel (ROMK) by mTORC2. Overall, mTOR in its systematic integration of phosphorylative signaling facilitates the delicate balance of whole body electrolyte homeostasis in the face of changes in metabolic status. Thus, inappropriate regulation of renal mTOR has the potential to result in electrolyte disturbances, such as acidosis/alkalosis, hyponatremia, and hypertension. The goal of this minireview is to highlight the physiological role of mTOR in its complexes in regulating electrolyte homeostasis in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron.
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PMID:Mechanistic target of rapamycin: integrating growth factor and nutrient signaling in the collecting duct. 2984 13