Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P41181 (collecting duct)
 5,183 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To further characterize the hypotonicity-activated efflux pathways for the organic osmolytes taurine and myo-inositol in inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells tracer fluxes of taurine and myo-inositol were investigated. The time course of activation of both fluxes after exposure of cells isolated at 600 mosm to a hypotonic medium (300 mosm by omission of sucrose) was identical with a major increase of release within the first 10 min. All 'anion channel blockers' employed proved to be strong inhibitors of both fluxes. Inhibition of myo-inositol efflux by 0.5 mM NPPB and 0.1 mM dideoxyforskolin was not significantly different from that of taurine efflux (87.7 +/- 11.4 compared to 94.6 +/- 4.6% and 98.8 +/- 2.0 compared to 95.9 +/- 3.7%). However, SITS (0.5 and 0.01 mM), DIDS (0.5 and 0.01 mM), and niflumic acid (0.5 mM) inhibited myo-inositol efflux more strongly than taurine efflux. The respective values were 65.4 +/- 4 vs. 42.9 +/- 3.6% for 0.01 mM SITS, 65.7 +/- 4.2 vs. 45.8 +/- 2.0% for 0.01 mM DIDS, and 79.5 +/- 3.5 vs. 54.2 +/- 2.5% for 0.5 mM niflumic acid. Taurine as well as myo-inositol efflux were decreased to a similar extent by 10 mM extracellular ATP (26.9 +/- 6.3 vs. 29.8 +/- 17.7% inhibition), by 10 mM extracellular cAMP (52.8 +/- 9.8 vs. 60.1 +/- 17.2% inhibition) and by reduction of the intracellular ATP content employing 2-deoxy-D-glucose (31.9 +/- 5.9 vs. 40.4 +/- 13.6% inhibition). In polarized primary cell cultures taurine and myo-inositol were released during a hypotonic shock primarily across the basal-lateral membrane, the ratio of basolateral versus apical efflux was 4.1 for taurine and 3.9 for myo-inositol. Apical fluxes were more sensitive to 0.01 mM SITS or DIDS; this was particularly evident for apical myo-inositol efflux which was inhibited by 0.01 mM SITS by 84.1 +/- 5.9% compared to 43.5 +/- 13.1% inhibition of the basolateral efflux. Thus, taurine and myo-inositol efflux show to a great extent a similar cellular distribution, intracellular regulation and pharmacological inhibition profile. This similarity suggests that the two osmolytes share an efflux pathway that might be identical with the swelling-activated taurine conductance described previously. Additional minor pathways can, however, not be excluded.
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PMID:Hypotonicity-activated efflux of taurine and myo-inositol in rat inner medullary collecting duct cells: evidence for a major common pathway. 899 43

Using a laser scanning confocal microscopy of fluorescent Ca2+ indicator (Fluo-3-AM) the spatiotemporal Ca2+ dynamics in cultured kidney inner medullary collecting duct cells was investigated. In response to extracellular ATP (100 microM), nuclear (Fln) and cytosolic (Flc) fluorescence intensity increased simultaneously. UTP similarly increased Fln and Flc, but ADP and AMP did not. A ratio between Fln and Flc was about 1.06 +/- 0.03 at rest and increased 1.71 +/- 0.02 at the peak of stimulation (n = 74). In Ca(2+)-free condition, ATP increased Fln and Flc with a smaller peak intensity, but the peak ratio was similar (1.52 +/- 0.03, n = 70). Faster time resolution of 100 ms in line scanning mode did not detect the delay between nuclear and cytosolic Ca2- responses. Our results indicate that nuclear Ca2+ was not diffused from the cytoplasm and that it may be directly released from the nuclear envelope, a possible Ca2+ store.
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PMID:Nuclear and cytosolic calcium signaling induced by extracellular ATP in rat kidney inner medullary collecting duct cells. 916 93

The extreme hyperosmotic conditions that exist in the renal inner medulla enable the urinary concentrating mechanism to function. In this study, we evaluated whether stress-related molecular chaperones are induced in response to hyperosmotic stress in mouse inner medullary collecting duct (mIMCD3) cells. Exposure of cells to medium supplemented with 100 mM NaCl for 4 or 24 h resulted in an increase in heat shock protein-72 (HSP-72) (inducible form) by Western blot. Immunocytochemistry confirmed the increase of HSP-72 and showed that hyperosmotic stress resulted in a localization of HSP-72 predominantly to the nucleoplasm that surrounds the nucleoli and to the cytoplasm, a subcellular distribution pattern different from that seen with heat shock. Using a denatured protein (casein)-affinity column with ATP elution, we identified a number of putative molecular chaperones (46, 60, 78, and 200 kDa) that are upregulated in response to 4 h of hyperosmotic NaCl treatment. Microsequencing identified one of these proteins to be the mitochondrial chaperone mtHSP-70, a member of HSP-70 family, and another to be similar to beta-actin. We also found high levels of HSP-72 in cells chronically adapted to hypertonicity, indicating that chaperones are still required to maintain certain cellular functions even after nonperturbing organic osmolytes are known to accumulate. These results suggest an important role for molecular chaperones in the adaptation of renal medullary epithelial cells to the hyperosmotic conditions that exist in the inner medulla in vivo.
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PMID:Induction of molecular chaperones by hyperosmotic stress in mouse inner medullary collecting duct cells. 924 87

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl- channel is expressed in all nephron segments. Although mutations in CFTR are not associated with major changes in renal function, drug excretion by the kidneys is altered in cystic fibrosis (CF) as is the ability of the kidneys to concentrate and dilute the urine and excrete a salt load. It is not clear if these changes in renal function are secondary to decreased extracellular fluid volume caused by excessive losses of NaCl in sweat and feces or if they are related to primary defects in renal function caused by mutations in CFTR. Considerable evidence supports a role for CFTR in mediating Cl- secretion by the distal tubule, principal cells in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD). In addition, CFTR is responsible for Cl- secretion into the lumen of cysts in polycystic kidneys and, therefore, contributes to cyst enlargement. Under some conditions--when Na+ absorption across the apical membrane of principal cells in the CCD is stimulated and the apical membrane potential is depolarized--the electrochemical gradient for Cl- will support Cl- absorption via CFTR Cl- channels. In addition to its function as a 3',5'-cAMP-activated Cl- channel, CFTR may play a role in intracellular vesicle acidification, protein processing, protein trafficking, secretion of ATP and the regulation of the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) and the secretory K+ channel (ROMK2) which mediate Na+ and K+ transport, respectively, across the CCD. Thus, CFTR may regulate Na+ and K+ excretion by the kidneys. The most common mutation in CFTR is delta F508, a mutation which causes improper folding of CFTR such that it is retained within the endoplasmic reticulum where it is degraded. Thus, in the majority of cases, CF is a trafficking disease. However, nothing is known about the intracellular trafficking of CFTR in the kidney. In preliminary studies we have developed a living cell model to study the intracellular trafficking of CFTR and delta F508-CFTR in renal epithelial cells in real time. Our ultimate goal is to elucidate the intracellular trafficking of CFTR and to identify therapeutic approaches to restore normal function to renal cells in CF and to block CFTR-mediated Cl- secretion in cysts in polycystic kidneys.
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PMID:Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and renal function. 926 86

The renal ATP-sensitive low-conductance K+ channel (KATP) plays an important role in K+ recycling in the thick ascending limb and in K+ secretion in the collecting duct. The low-conductance KATP is stimulated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and inhibited by protein kinase C, arachidonic acid, acidic pH and sulfonylurea agents. We reviewed the progress concerning the properties of the recently cloned inward-rectifying K+ channel (ROMK or KirI) and compared their regulatory mechanisms with the native low-conductance KATP. The results are important to gain insight into molecular mechanisms by which ROMK channels are regulated.
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PMID:Structure and function of the low conductance KATP channel, ROMK. 926 88

In the cortical collecting duct of the rat two Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels have been described so far. In the luminal membrane a maxi K+ channel with a single channel conductance of 139 +/- 3 pS in excised membrane patches (n = 91) at 0 mV clamp voltage and asymmetrical KCl-concentrations in pipette and bath was found, while in the basolateral membrane an intermediate conductance K+ channel (85 +/- 1 pS, n = 53) and a small K+ channel (28 +/- 2 pS, n = 15) was described. All these K+ channels had similar pharmacological properties since all could be blocked by the K+ channel inhibitors Ba2+, TEA+, and charybdotoxin. Verapamil, known as a L-type Ca2+ channel blocker, was also capable of inhibiting these K+ channels. While the maxi K+ channel from the luminal membrane was upregulated by intracellular Ca2+ (EC50: 5 microM), the small and the intermediate K+ channel from the basolateral membrane were downregulated (IC50: 10 microM). When the cytosolic Ca(2+)-activity was in the physiological range below 1 microM the activity of the maxi K+ channel was low and regulated via intracellular pH and ATP. Furthermore, when CCD cells were strongly depolarized and under hypoosmotic stress, Ca2+ rose and activated this K+ channel, indicating that this channel is involved in volume regulation. Like the maxi K+ channel the intermediate conductance K+ channel from the basolateral membrane was also sensitive to intracellular changes of pH where acidic pH inhibited while alkaline pH activated this channel. But unlike the K+ channels from the luminal membrane the K+ channel from the basolateral membrane is not regulated by ATP up to 5 mM. The activity of the K+ channels from the basolateral membrane decreased steadily after excision of the membrane. This decrease could be prevented by applying cGMP and MgATP to the bath and thus, activating a membrane-bound cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). The activation of the PKG could be reversed by its specific inhibitor KT5823 (1 microM). Due to the opposite regulation via intracellular Ca2+ and the involvement of different protein kinases a specific and independent regulation of K+ secretion and Na+ reabsorption is possible in the CCD of the rat.
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PMID:Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels in the cortical collecting duct of rat. 926 90

The response of H+-ATPase to lethal acid stress is unknown. A mutant strain (called NHE2d) was derived from cultured inner medullary collecting duct cells (mIMCD-3 cells) following three cycles of lethal acid stress. Cells were grown to confluence on coverslips, loaded with 2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein, and monitored for intracellular pH (pHi) recovery from an acid load. The rate of Na+-independent pHi recovery from an acid load in mutant cells was approximately fourfold higher than in parent cells (P < 0.001). The Na+-independent H+ extrusion was ATP dependent and K+ independent and was completely inhibited in the presence of diethylstilbestrol, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, or N-ethylmaleimide. These results indicate that the Na+-independent H+ extrusion in cultured medullary cells is mediated via H+-ATPase and is upregulated in lethal acidosis. Northern hybridization experiments demonstrated that mRNA levels for the 16- and 31-kDa subunits of H+-ATPase remained unchanged in mutant cells compared with parent cells. We propose that lethal acid stress results in increased H+-ATPase activity in inner medullary collecting duct cells. Upregulation of H+-ATPase could play a protective role against cell death in severe intracellular acidosis.
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PMID:Functional upregulation of H+-ATPase by lethal acid stress in cultured inner medullary collecting duct cells. 935 63

The ATP-sensitive, inwardly rectifying K+ channel, ROMK, has been suggested to be the low-conductance ATP-sensitive K+ channel identified in apical membranes of mammalian renal thick ascending limb (TAL) and cortical collecting duct (CCD). Mutations in the human ROMK gene (KIR 1.2) have been identified in kindreds with neonatal Bartter's syndrome. In the present study, we generated polyclonal antibodies raised against both a COOH-terminal (amino acids 252-391) ROMK-maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion protein and an NH2-terminal (amino acids 34-49) ROMK peptide. Affinity-purified anti-ROMK COOH-terminal antibody detected the 45-kDa ROMK protein in kidney tissues and HEK-293 cells transfected with ROMK1 cDNA. The antibody also recognized 85- to 90-kDa proteins in kidney tissue; these higher molecular weight proteins were abolished by immunoabsorption with ROMK-MBP fusion protein and were also detected on Western blots using anti-ROMK NH2-terminal antibody. Immunofluoresence studies using anti-ROMK COOH-terminal antibody showed intense apical staining along the loop of Henle and distal nephron; staining with preimmune and immunoabsorbed serum was negative. When colocalized with distal nephron markers [the thiazide-sensitive cotransporter (rTSC1), the bumetanide-sensitive cotransporter (rBSC1), the vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS I)], the ROMK protein was found primarily at the apical border of cells in the TAL, macula densa, distal convoluted tubule, and connecting tubule. Within the CCD, the ROMK protein was expressed in principal cells and was absent from intercalated cells. The tubule localization and polarity of ROMK staining are consistent with the distribution of ROMK mRNA and provide more support for ROMK being the low-conductance K+ secretory channel in the rat distal nephron.
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PMID:Localization of the ROMK protein on apical membranes of rat kidney nephron segments. 937 37

We have previously demonstrated that the ROMK channel maintains the property of arachidonic acid (AA) sensitivity observed originally in the native ATP-sensitive K+ channel of the rat cortical collecting duct (16). We used the patch-clamp technique to extend these studies to other NH2-terminal splice variants of the ROMK channel family, ROMK2 and ROMK3, expressed in Xenopus oocytes to determine the mechanism by which AA inhibits channel activity. Although the conductance, channel open probability, and open/closed times of the three homologs were determined to be similar, addition of 5-10 microM AA caused only a moderate inhibition of ROMK2 (15 +/- 8%) and ROMK3 (13 +/- 9%) activity, indicating that differences in the NH2 termini of ROMK channels strongly influence the AA action. We consequently examined the effect of AA on a ROMK1 variant, R1ND37, in which the NH2 terminal amino acids 2-37 were deleted, and on a mutant ROMK1, R1S4A, in which the serine-4 residue was mutated to alanine. Like ROMK2 and ROMK3, AA had a diminished effect on these variants. Addition of 1 nM exogenous protein kinase C (PKC) inhibited ROMK1 but not the mutant, R1S4A. However, the effect of AA is not a result of stimulation of a membrane bound PKC, since PKC inhibitors, calphostin C and chelerythrine, failed to abolish the AA-induced inhibition. In contrast, application of 5 microM staurosporine, a nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor at high concentration, abolished the effect of AA. We conclude that phosphorylation of serine-4 residue in the NH2 terminus plays a key role in determination of AA effect on ROMK channels.
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PMID:Role of the NH2 terminus of the cloned renal K+ channel, ROMK1, in arachidonic acid-mediated inhibition. 945 37

A mathematical model of the inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) of the rat has been developed that is suitable for simulating luminal buffer titration and ammonia secretion by this nephron segment. Luminal proton secretion has been assigned to an H-K-ATPase, which has been represented by adapting the kinetic model of the gastric enzyme by Brzezinski et al. (P. Brzezinski, B. G. Malmstrom, P. Lorentzon, and B. Wallmark. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 942: 215-219, 1988). In shifting to a 2 H+:1 ATP stoichiometry, the model enzyme can acidify the tubule lumen approximately 3 pH units below that of the cytosol, when luminal K+ is in abundance. Peritubular base exit is a combination of ammonia recycling and HCO3- flux (either via Cl-/HCO3- exchange or via a Cl- channel). Ammonia recycling involves NH4(+) uptake on the Na-K-ATPase followed by diffusive NH3 exit [S. M. Wall. Am. J. Physiol. 270 (Renal Physiol. 39): F432-F439, 1996]; model calculations suggest that this is the principal mode of base exit. By virtue of this mechanism, the model also suggests that realistic elevations in peritubular K+ concentration will compromise IMCD acid secretion. Although ammonia recycling is insensitive to carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition, the base exit linked to HCO3- flux provides a CA-sensitive component to acid secretion. In model simulations, it is observed that increased luminal NaCl entry increases ammonia cycling but decreases peritubular Cl-/HCO3- exchange (due to increased cell Cl-). This parallel system of peritubular base exit stabilizes acid secretion in the face of variable Na+ reabsorption.
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PMID:A mathematical model of the inner medullary collecting duct of the rat: acid/base transport. 961 22


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