Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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The number of viable Escherichia coli in a young, actively growing culture is decreased approximately 99.9 per cent by a 30 second exposure to 25 phig. streptomycin/ml. The injury induced by the antibiotic is only potentially lethal, however, and may be reversed by subculture within 5 minutes into fresh culture medium, NH(4)NO(3), NH(4)Cl, (NH(4))(2)HPO(4), NH(4) citrate, and NH(4) tartrate. Subculturing into water, glucose, or MgSO(4) results in a more marked decrease in the number of viable organisms. In KNO(3), NaNO(3), K(2)HPO(4), and Na(2)SO(4) solutions reversal occurs first, followed by a rapid decrease in viability. True reversal of the streptomycin injury takes place, as demonstrated by the rapid rate of recovery to the viable count of the original culture. Development of resistance has been eliminated as the cause of regrowth since the streptomycin sensitivity of recovered cultures remained the same as that of the original culture. The use of water as diluent for viability determinations potentiates the lethal effect of streptomycin activity. Several compounds, at various dilutions, substituted for water as the diluent gave rise to four types of responses, group I, NH(4)NO(3), NH(4)Cl, KNO(3), NaNO(3), Ca(NO(3))(2), showed complete reversal of the streptomycin injury at all levels of the salts tested, from 0.01 to 0.5 M concentrations. Group II, NaCl and K(2)HPO(4) showed complete reversal at 0.03 and 0.1 M. Group III, glucose and urea allowed complete reversal at 0.5 M. Group IV, glycerol and glycerine showed no reversal at 0.5 M concentration. The reversal of the streptomycin injury to young actively growing bacteria is suggested as a tool for studying the pathology of the injury to the cells.
J Gen Physiol 1954 Nov 20
PMID:Reversal of the streptomycin injury of Escherichia coli. 1321 97

An acetic acid bacterium, designated as isolate AC28(T), was isolated from a flower of red ginger (khing daeng in Thai; Alpinia purpurata) collected in Chiang Mai, Thailand, at pH 3.5 by use of a glucose/ethanol/acetic acid (0.3%, w/v) medium. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences for 1,376 bases showed that isolate AC28(T) constituted a cluster along with the type strain of Kozakia baliensis. However, the isolate formed an independent cluster in a phylogenetic tree based on 16S-23S rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequences for 586 bases. Pair-wise sequence similarities of the isolate in 16S rRNA gene sequences for 1,457 bases were 93.0-88.3% to the type strains of Asaia, Kozakia, Swaminathania, Acetobacter, Gluconobacter, Gluconacetobacter, Acidomonas, and Saccharibacter species. Restriction analysis of 16S-23S rDNA ITS regions discriminated isolate AC28(T) from the type strains of Asaia and Kozakia species. Cells were non-motile. Colonies were pink, shiny, and smooth. The isolate produced acetic acid from ethanol. Oxidation of acetate and lactate was negative. The isolate grew on glutamate agar and mannitol agar. Growth was positive on 30% D-glucose (w/v) and in the presence of 0.35% acetic acid (w/v), but not in the presence of 1.0% KNO(3) (w/v). Ammoniac nitrogen was hardly assimilated on a glucose medium or a mannitol medium. Production of dihydroxyacetone from glycerol was weakly positive. The isolate did not produce a levan-like polysaccharide on a sucrose medium. Major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. DNA base composition was 63.1 mol% G+C. On the basis of the results obtained, Neoasaia gen. nov. was proposed with Neoasaia chiangmaiensis sp. nov. The type strain was isolate AC28(T) (=BCC 15763(T) =NBRC 101099(T)).
J Gen Appl Microbiol 2005 Oct
PMID:Neoasaia chiangmaiensis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel osmotolerant acetic acid bacterium in the alpha-Proteobacteria. 1631 84

The theoretical aspects of the problem of sieve-like membranes are developed. The method of preparing the dried collodion membrane is described, and the method of defining the property of a particular membrane is given. It consists of the measurement of the Co P, that is the P.D. between an 0.1 and an 0.01 M KCl solution separated by the membrane. Co P is in the best dried membranes 50 to 53 millvolts, the theoretically possible maximum value being 55 millivolts. Diffusion experiments have been carried out with several arrangements, one of which is, for example, the diffusion of 0.1 M KNO(3) against 0.1 M NaCl across the membrane. The amount of K(+) diffusing after a certain period was in membranes with a sufficiently high Co P (about 50 millivolts or more) on the average ten times as much as the amount of diffused Cl(-). In membranes with a lower Co P the ratio was much smaller, down almost to the proportion of 1:1 which holds for the mobility of these two ions in a free aqueous solution. When higher concentrations were used, e.g. 0.5 M solution, the difference of the rate of diffusion for K(+) and Cl(-) was much smaller even in the best membranes, corresponding to the fact that the P.D. of two KCl solutions whose concentrations are 10:1 is much smaller in higher ranges of concentration than in lower ones. These observations are confirmed by experiments arranged in other ways. It has been shown that, in general, the diffusion of an anion is much slower than the one of a cation across the dried collodion membrane. The ratio of the two diffusion coefficients would be expected to be calculable in connection with the potential difference of such a membrane when interposed between these solutions. The next problem is to show in how far this can be confirmed quantitatively.
J Gen Physiol 1927 Mar 20
PMID:STUDIES ON PERMEABILITY OF MEMBRANES : I. INTRODUCTION AND THE DIFFUSION OF IONS ACROSS THE DRIED COLLODION MEMBRANE. 1987 46