Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P39060 (endostatin)
 2,284 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fibrinolysis is a precisely orchestrated process in which fibrin-containing thrombi are solubilized. Several receptors regulate this process by localizing proteolytic activity to the cell surface. One such receptor is annexin II, a calcium and phospholipid-binding protein. Annexin II serves as a profibrinolytic coreceptor for both plasminogen and tissue plasminogen activator on the surface of endothelial cells and facilitates the generation of plasmin. The dysregulation of fibrinolytic assembly on endothelial cells may lead to atherothrombotic disease. In addition to its role in fibrinolysis at the surface of endothelial cells, annexin II may play other potential cellular roles. For example, the overexpression of annexin II on the surface of leukemic cells and cell lines derived from acute promyelocytic leukemia correlates with both the clinical manifestation of bleeding and the in vitro ability of the leukemic cells to generate plasmin. The abundant presence of annexin II on the surface of other cell types including monocytic cell lines and different cancer cells may contribute to their invasive potential through extracellular matrix either by generation of plasmin or, by plasmin-mediated proteolytic activation of other metalloproteinases. This dissolution of extracellular matrix may also cause the release of potent matrix-bound angiogenic factors such as VEGF and FGF. On the other hand, by increasing the pool of plasmin, a precursor to an important anti-angiogenic factor, angiostatin, and by fragmentation of collagen XVIII (a precursor to the anti-angigenic factor, endostatin) by plasmin-activated metalloproteases, annexin II could play a pivotal physiological role in the pro- and anti-angiogenic switch mechanism.
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PMID:Annexin II: a plasminogen-plasminogen activator co-receptor. 1181 88

Endostatin is a fragment of collagen XVIII that acts as an inhibitor of tumor angiogenesis and tumor growth. Anti-tumor effects have been described using both soluble and insoluble recombinant endostatin. However, differences in endostatin structure are likely to cause differences in bioactivity. In the present study, we have investigated the cellular effects of insoluble endostatin. We previously found that insoluble endostatin shows all the hallmarks of amyloid aggregates and potently stimulates tissue plasminogen activator-mediated formation of the serine protease plasmin. We here show that amyloid endostatin induces plasminogen activation by endothelial cells, resulting in vitronectin degradation and plasmin-dependent endothelial cell detachment. Endostatin-mediated stimulation of plasminogen activation, vitronectin degradation, and endothelial cell detachment is inhibited by carboxypeptidase B, indicating an essential role for carboxyl-terminal lysines. Our results suggest that amyloid endostatin may inhibit angiogenesis and tumor growth by stimulating the fibrinolytic system.
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PMID:Amyloid endostatin induces endothelial cell detachment by stimulation of the plasminogen activation system. 1280 3

Diabetic retinopathy is considered one of the vision-threatening diseases among working-age population. The pathogenesis of the disease is regarded multifactorial and complex: capillary basement membrane thickening, loss of pericytes, microaneuryms, loss of endothelial cells, blood retinal barrier breakdown and other anatomic lesions might contribute to macular edema and/or neovascularization the two major and sight threatening complications of diabetic retinopathy. A number of proangiogenic, angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic retinal disease, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) being one of the most important. Other growth factors, which are known to participate in the pathogenesis of the disease, are: Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Transforming Growth Factor (TGF), Placental Endothelial Cell Growth Factor (PlGF), Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CTGF). Other molecules that are involved in the disease mechanisms are: intergrins, angiopoietins, protein kinase C (PKC), ephrins, interleukins, leptin, angiotensin, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP), vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), tissue plasminogen activator (TPA), and extracellular matrix metalloproteinases (ECM-MMPs). However, the intraocular concentration of angiogenic factors is counterbalanced by the ocular synthesis of several antioangiogenic factors such as pigment epithelial derived factor (PEDF), angiostatin, endostatin, thrombospondin, steroids, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), inteferon, aptamer, monoclonal antibodies, VEGF receptor blocker, VEGF gene suppressors, intracellular signal transduction inhibitors, and extracellular matrix antagonists. Growth stimulation or inhibition by these factors depends on the state of development and differentiation of the target tissue. The mechanisms of angiogenesis factor action are very different and most factors are multipotential; they stimulate proliferation or differentiation of endothelial cells. This review attempts to briefly outline the knowledge about peptide growth factor involvement in diabetic retinopathy. Further ongoing research may provide better understanding of molecular mechanisms, disease pathogenesis and therapeutic interactions.
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PMID:Angiogenic growth factors and their inhibitors in diabetic retinopathy. 2059 64