Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P31749 (AKT)
 22,954 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The PTEN/MMAC1/TEP (PTEN) tumor suppressor gene at 10q23.3 is mutated in multiple types of sporadic tumors including breast cancers and also in the germline of patients with the Cowden's breast cancer predisposition syndrome. The PTEN gene encodes a multifunctional phosphatase capable of dephosphorylating the same sites in membrane phosphatidylinositols phosphorylated by phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K). We demonstrate herein that loss of PTEN function in breast cancer cells results in an increase in basal levels of phosphorylation of multiple components of the P13K signaling cascade as well as an increase in duration of ligand-induced signaling through the P13K cascade. These alterations are reversed by wild-type but not phosphatase inactive PTEN. In the presence of high concentrations of serum, enforced expression of PTEN induces a predominant G1 arrest consistent with the capacity of PTEN to evoke increases in the expression of the p27Kip1 cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor. In the presence of low concentrations of serum, enforced PTEN expression results in a marked increase in cellular apoptosis, a finding which is consistent with the capacity of PTEN to alter the phosphorylation, and presumably function, of the AKT, BAD, p70S6 kinase and GSK3 alpha apoptosis regulators. Under anchorage-independent conditions, PTEN also induces anoikis, a form of apoptosis that occurs when cells are dissociated from the extracellular matrix, which is enhanced in conjunction with low serum culture conditions. Together, these data suggest that PTEN effects on the PI3K signaling cascade are influenced by the cell stimulatory context, and that depending on the exposure to growth factors and other exogenous stimuli such as integrin ligation, PTEN can induce cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or anoikis in breast cancer cells.
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PMID:The PTEN/MMAC1/TEP tumor suppressor gene decreases cell growth and induces apoptosis and anoikis in breast cancer cells. 1059 4

In an experimental model of in vivo hyperthermia, we investigated the involvement of a number of signalling events in rat liver. We report that in vivo heat shock causes a powerful activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 kinase but does not trigger poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, a signature event of apoptosis. Among the upstream regulators of the kinases, we show that stress-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase/nitrogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 SEK1/MKK4 is not involved whereas MKK3 and/or MKK6 are activated. PAK activity displays a transient rise, whereas GCK does not change. PI3-kinase activity increases in anti-phosphotyrosine immunoprecipitates, suggesting a tyrosine kinase-dependent induction mechanism, and the co-immunoprecipitation of PI3-kinase with p60 Src kinase supports the involvement of this latter. GSK3, which may act downstream to PI3-kinase through AKT, undergoes hyperphosphorylation, thus playing a possible role in the protection from apoptosis and in the modulation of heat-shock transcription factor activity.
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PMID:Cellular signalling after in vivo heat shock in the liver. 1077 75

We identified intracellular adhesion molecule-2 (ICAM-2) in a genetic screen as an activator of the PI3K/AKT pathway leading to inhibition of apoptosis. ICAM-2 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of ezrin and PI3K kinase membrane translocation, resulting in phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5 production, PDK-1 and AKT activation, and subsequent phosphorylation of AKT targets BAD, GSK3, and FKHR. ICAM-2 clustering protected primary human CD19+ cells from TNFalpha- and Fas-mediated apoptosis as determined by single-cell analysis. ICAM-2 engagement by CD19+ cells of its natural receptor, LFA-1, on CD4+ naive cells specifically induced AKT activity in the absence of an MHC-peptide interaction. These results attribute a novel signaling function to ICAM-2 that might suggest mechanisms by which ICAM-2 signals intracellular communication at various immunological synapses.
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PMID:Activation of the PKB/AKT pathway by ICAM-2. 1182 65

Protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt is known to promote cell migration, and this may contribute to the enhanced invasiveness of malignant cells. To elucidate potential mechanisms by which PKB/Akt promotes the migration phenotype, we have investigated its role in the endosomal transport and recycling of integrins. Whereas the internalization of alpha v beta 3 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins and their transport to the recycling compartment were independent of PKB/Akt, the return of these integrins (but not internalized transferrin) to the plasma membrane was regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases and PKB/Akt. The blockade of integrin recycling and cell spreading on integrin ligands effected by inhibition of PKB/Akt was reversed by inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK-3). Moreover, expression of nonphosphorylatable active GSK-3 beta mutant GSK-3 beta-A9 suppressed recycling of alpha 5 beta 1 and alpha v beta 3 and reduced cell spreading on ligands for these integrins, indicating that PKB/Akt promotes integrin recycling by phosphorylating and inactivating GSK-3. We propose that the ability of PKB/Akt to act via GSK-3 to promote the recycling of matrix receptors represents a key mechanism whereby integrin function and cell migration can be regulated by growth factors.
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PMID:Protein kinase B/Akt acts via glycogen synthase kinase 3 to regulate recycling of alpha v beta 3 and alpha 5 beta 1 integrins. 1474 68

Previously, we demonstrated that deoxycholic acid (DCA)-induced ERK1/2 and AKT signaling in primary hepatocytes is a protective response. In the present study, we examined the regulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase/AKT/glycogen synthase (kinase) 3 (GSK3)/glycogen synthase (GS) pathway by bile acids. In primary hepatocytes, DCA activated ERBB1 (the epidermal growth factor receptor), ERBB2, and the insulin receptor, but not the insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor. DCA-induced activation of the insulin receptor correlated with enhanced phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1, effects that were both blocked by the insulin receptor inhibitor AG1024 and by expression of the dominant negative IGF-1 receptor (K1003R), which inhibited in trans. Expression of the dominant negative IGF-1 receptor (K1003R) also abolished DCA-induced AKT activation. Bile acid-induced activation of AKT and phosphorylation of GSK3 were blunted by the ERBB1 inhibitor AG1478 and abolished by AG1024. Bile acids caused activation of GS to a similar level induced by insulin (50 nM); both were blocked by inhibition of insulin receptor function and the PI3 kinase/AKT/GSK3 pathway. In conclusion, these findings suggest that bile acids and insulin may cooperate to regulate glucose storage in hepatocytes.
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PMID:Bile acids enhance the activity of the insulin receptor and glycogen synthase in primary rodent hepatocytes. 1476 98

Protein kinase B, also known as Akt, is a serine/threonine kinase and plays a critical role in the modulation of cell development, growth, and survival. Interestingly, Akt is ubiquitously expressed throughout the body, but its expression in the nervous system is substantially up-regulated during cellular stress, suggesting a more expansive role for Akt in the nervous system that may involve cellular protection. In this regard, a body of recent work has identified a robust capacity for Akt and its downstream substrates to foster both neuronal and vascular survival during apoptotic injury. Cell survival by Akt is driven by the modulation of both intrinsic cellular pathways that oversee genomic DNA integrity and extrinsic mechanisms that control inflammatory microglial activation. A series of distinct pathways are regulated by Akt that include the Forkhead family of transcription factors, GSK-3 beta, beta-catenin, c-Jun, CREB, Bad, IKK, and p53. Culminating below these substrates of Akt are the control of caspase mediated pathways that promote genomic integrity as well as prevent inflammatory cell demise. With further levels of progress in defining the cellular role of Akt, the attractiveness of Akt as a vital and broad cytoprotectant for both neuronal and vascular cell populations should continue to escalate.
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PMID:Activating Akt and the brain's resources to drive cellular survival and prevent inflammatory injury. 1557 47

ACTH is the hormone known to control adrenal cortex function and maintenance in the intact animal but, in culture, it inhibits proliferation of adrenocortical cells from different mammalian species, a puzzle that has remained unsolved for nearly 30 years. In this paper we compare ACTH and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) antagonistic effects on the cell cycle in the Y1 cell line, a functional lineage of mouse adreno-cortical tumor cells. This cell line displays chronic high levels of c-Ki-Ras-GTP, high active constitutive levels of phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase/Protein Kinase B (PI3K/AKT) and low constitutive basal expression of c-Myc, which accounts for a minor deregulation of the cell cycle. In G0/G1-arrested Y1 cells, over-expression of the dominant negative mutant HaRasN17 drastically reduces c-Ki-Ras-GTP levels, eliminating basal c-Myc expression and basal S phase entry. PI3K/Akt seems to be the downstream pathway from c-Ki-ras for deregulation of c-Myc basal expression, since wortmannin abolishes c-Myc expression in serum-starved, G0/G1-arrested Y1 cells. FGF2 is a strong mitogen for Y1 cells, promoting -- in a manner dependent on the MEK/ERK pathway -- c-myc transcription induction, c-Myc protein stabilization and S phase entry in G0/G1-arrested Y1 cells. On the other hand, ACTH causes c-Myc protein destabilization, partially blocking S phase entry induced by FGF2, by a process dependent on the cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The whole pathway activated by ACTH to destabilize c-Myc protein in Y1 cells might comprise the following steps: ACTH receptor -->cAMP/PKA --> Akt deactivation -->GSK3 activity liberation --> c-Myc Thr58 phosphorylation. We demonstrate that c-Myc regulation is a central key in the cell cycle control by these factors, since enforced expression of c-Myc through the MycER chimera abrogates the ACTH inhibitory effect over FGF2-induced S phase entry.
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PMID:c-Myc protein is stabilized by fibroblast growth factor 2 and destabilized by ACTH to control cell cycle in mouse Y1 adrenocortical cells. 1559 Oct 23

Curcumin has been shown to possess variety of biological functions including anti-tumor activity. The mechanism by which curcumin inhibit cell proliferation remains poorly understood. In the present report, we investigated the effect of curcumin on the activation of apoptotic pathway in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) malignant cells. Our data demonstrate that curcumin causes dose dependent suppression of proliferation in several T cell lines. Curcumin treatment causes the de-phosphorylation/inactivation of constitutively active AKT, FOXO transcription factor and GSK3. Curcumin also induces release of cytochrome c accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and PARP cleavage. In addition, zVAD-fmk, a universal inhibitor of caspases, prevents caspase-3 activation and abrogates cell death induced by curcumin treatment. Finally, treatment of T-ALL cells with curcumin down-regulated the expression of inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAPs). Taken together, our finding suggest that curcumin suppresses constitutively activated targets of PI3'-kinase (AKT, FOXO and GSK3) in T cells leading to the inhibition of proliferation and induction of caspase-dependent apoptosis.
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PMID:Curcumin induces apoptosis via inhibition of PI3'-kinase/AKT pathway in acute T cell leukemias. 1650 62

Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K) is a key player in cell-growth signaling in a number of lymphoid malignancies, but its role in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, we investigated the role of the PI3K/AKT pathway in a panel of 5 DLBCL cell lines and 100 clinical samples. Inhibition of PI3K by a specific inhibitor, LY294002, induced apoptosis in SUDHL4, SUDHL5, and SUDHL10 (LY-sensitive) cells, whereas SUDHL8 and OCI-LY19 (LY-resistant) cells were refractory to LY294002-induced apoptosis. AKT was phosphorylated in 5 of 5 DLBCL cell lines and inhibition of PI3K caused dephosphorylation/inactivation of constitutively active AKT, FOXO transcription factor, and GSK3 in LY-sensitive cell lines. In addition, there was a decrease in the expression level of inhibitory apoptotic protein, XIAP, in the DLBCL cell lines sensitive to LY294002 after treatment. However, no effect was observed in XIAP protein levels in the resistant DLBCL cell lines following LY294002 treatment. Finally, using immunohistochemistry, p-AKT was detected in 52% of DLBCL tumors tested. Furthermore, in univariate analysis, high p-AKT expression was associated with short survival. In multivariate analysis, this correlation was no longer significant. Altogether, these results suggest that the PI3K/AKT pathway may be a potential target for therapeutic intervention in DLBCL.
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PMID:Role of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/AKT pathway in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma survival. 1694 3

Multiple kinase activities are required for skeletal muscle differentiation. However, the mechanisms by which these kinase pathways converge to coordinate the myogenic process are unknown. Using multiple phosphoprotein and phosphopeptide enrichment techniques we obtained phosphopeptides from growing and differentiating C2C12 muscle cells and determined specific peptide sequences using LC-MS/MS. To place these phosphopeptides into a rational context, a bioinformatics approach was used. Phosphorylation sites were matched to known site-specific and to site non-specific kinase-substrate interactions, and then other substrates and upstream regulators of the implicated kinases were incorporated into a model network of protein-protein interactions. The model network implicated several kinases of known relevance to myogenesis including AKT, GSK3, CDK5, p38, DYRK, and MAPKAPK2 kinases. This combination of proteomics and bioinformatics technologies should offer great utility as the volume of protein-protein and kinase-substrate information continues to increase.
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PMID:Reconstructing the regulatory kinase pathways of myogenesis from phosphopeptide data. 1697 85


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