Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P30536 (PBS)
 9,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Experiments were undertaken to determine whether passive immunization utilizing hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC) specific for Eimeria acervulina (EA) antigens conferred protection against coccidiosis in chickens. The HBC was produced by immunizing three pregnant, nonmilking Jersey cows with EA antigens administered via one intramuscular injection followed by three intramammary infusions at approximately 10, 8, 6, and 4 wk before parturition. One cow was immunized with sporozoites (SZ), the second with merozoites (MZ), and the third with recombinant merozoite antigen (rMZ). A fourth cow, unimmunized, provided normal colostrum (NC) for control purposes. Colostral whey from each cow was tested by ELISA for antibody against SZ, MZ, and rMZ antigens. In all immunized cows, antiparasite titers were elevated above those of the control. Antibodies from MZ- and rMZ-immunized cows recognized both MZ and rMZ antigen. Separate groups of 2-wk-old chickens received two oral doses of anti-SZ, -MZ, or -rMZ HBC or NC or PBS daily from 1 day before through 6 days after oral inoculation (DAI) with EA oocysts. Feces from each group were examined for oocysts. Intestines were examined for lesions 6 DAI. Histologic sections of duodenum were examined for asexual stages and gametocytes utilizing monoclonal antibody and fluorescence microscopy. In Experiments 1 and 2, oocyst production was reduced in all HBC-treated groups, except one treated with rMZ HBC, compared with PBS- or NC-treated groups. In Experiment 2, the severity of lesions was significantly reduced in all HBC-treated groups compared with those that received NC or PBS. Significantly fewer developmental stages were found in histological sections from all chickens treated with anti-SZ and anti-rMZ HBC than from controls. Anti-SZ HBC significantly reduced the number of intracellular SZ found 24 h after their inoculation into cultures of primary chicken kidney cells. These results suggest that HBC specific for certain EA antigens can inhibit parasite development and reduce severity of parasite-related gut lesions.
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PMID:Colostrum from cows immunized with Eimeria acervulina antigens reduces parasite development in vivo and in vitro. 145 82

The potency of the polyvalent bacterial vaccine (Infectvac) to prevent lethal infections with S. pneumoniae ATCC 6301 was examined. NMRI-mice were protected 2-5 times better than untreated controls. The protection is based on activation of resistance-mechanisms, e.g. interferon production. Most interesting is a strong activation of the phagocytosis-killing-system of alveolar macrophages after oral application of antigen (information: gut mucosa to lung mucosa). Using the same infection model the important role of bacterial lectins for infectious diseases was demonstrated. Blocking the combining site of the bacterial lectin of S. pneumoniae by intranasal application of N-acetylglucosamine (the specific carbohydrate for the lectin) was able to prevent a lethal infection with S. pneumoniae 3-times better than PBS or using not lectin relevant carbohydrates. Therefore, blocking the lectin receptor with specific carbohydrates might also be of clinical relevance to prevent acute respiratory infections (ARI).
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PMID:Lectins and their role in a new polyvalent bacterial vaccine against ARI. 322 36

Exposure of mice to aerosolized ovalbumin (OA) once weekly for 5 min, or once weekly to 10 microgram OA in PBS intranasally, elicited transient IgE responses which declined by the seventh week. When these animals were challenged intraperitoneally (i.p.) with soluble or alum-precipitated OA, their subsequent IgE responses were markedly suppressed relative to controls. In contrast, i.p. challenge provoked hemaagglutinating antibody (HA) responses to OA in the same animals which were considerably more vigorous than in controls. Adoptive transfer experiments employing splenocytes from mice repeatedly exposed to OA via the respiratory tract revealed the presence of suppressor cells active against OA-specific IgE but not HA responses. Radiotracer studies employing 125I-OA, administered intranasally and by aerosol, indicated that much of the antigen rapidly became associated with the gut.
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PMID:Inhibition of specific IgE responses in mice by pre-exposure to inhaled antigen. 720 28

The suitability of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) immunohistochemistry for the study of myosatellite cell proliferation in three subadult carp (Cyprinus carpio) stages (11, 15, 17 cm) was examined. They were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU and fixed one hour late. After fixation and dehydration, white myotomal muscle and small intestine samples were embedded in Histowax. Cross sections mounted on glass slides, were incubated with monoclonal antiBrdU antibody (1:100) after HCl denaturation. After washing twice in PBS, slides were incubated in goat antimouse IgG FITC secondary antibody (1:20). Single cell suspensions were obtained from gut samples. Cellular DNA partially denatured with 2 N HCl, were immunolabelled with monoclonal antibodies against BrdU. Bivariate distribution of BrdU/total cellular DNA content was measured by flow cytometry. Good visualization of BrdU labelled myosatellite cells (4-6%) and small intestine (8-9%) was obtained. Flow cytometric bivariate BrdU/DNA analysis gave evidence of the same proliferative rate in the gut samples. The applicability of these methods to fish tissues further extend the broad range of biological and biomedical investigation in which BrdU immunohistochemistry has been used.
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PMID:Use of 5'-bromodeoxyuridine immunohistochemistry to examine proliferative activity of fish tissues. 768 4

The ability of adult Haemonchus placei intestinal homogenate to confer protection against homologous challenge infection was evaluated. Calves were immunized twice with 100 microg H. placei intestinal protein in 5% dextran-sulfate/PBS (vaccinates) or PBS alone (controls) and were challenged with approximately 3300 infective H. placei larvae. There was no significant difference between groups in the total number of nematodes recovered but significantly fewer (p < 0.001) adult females were recovered from vaccinates. The proportion of fourth-stage larvae in vaccinates was significantly greater (p < or = 0.05) than in controls. Lengths of adult male and female nematodes were significantly shorter (p < 0.001) in vaccinated calves, and the numbers of eggs present in the uteri of female nematodes from vaccinates were significantly decreased (p < 0.001). Counts of nematode eggs per gram of feces (EPG) of vaccinates were significantly less than that for controls on Days 29-49 post-challenge (p < or = 0.05). Vaccinates had significant increases in serum IgG1 and IgG2 log(10) titers (p < or = 0.05) but not in serum IgM. EPG, numbers of females, and size of males and females were negatively correlated with increased mean post-challenge IgG1 and IgG2 titers. Reduction in binding of periodate-treated gut homogenate by immune serum indicated a carbohydrate specific component in the immune response.
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PMID:Vaccination of calves with Haemonchus placei intestinal homogenate. 1071 62

The protective capacity of vaccination with Haemonchus placei whole gut homogenate against challenge with the non-blood-feeding nematode Ostertagia ostertagi was evaluated in calves. Ten helminth-free calves were randomly assigned to two groups. Group 1 received 100microg H. placei intestinal homogenate in the adjuvant 5% dextran sulfate/PBS, while Group 2 received the adjuvant alone. Injections were administered subcutaneously on Days 0 and 28. All calves were challenged with approximately 26,100 O. ostertagi larvae on Day 42. Serum antibody response and counts of nematode eggs per gram of feces (EPG) were determined throughout the study. Calves were necropsied at 5.5 weeks post-challenge for recovery of nematodes. Although significant increases were detected in both serum IgG(1) and IgG(2) of Group 1 calves (p<0.05), there was no significant difference in the total number of O. ostertagi recovered from the two groups (p>0.05). Lengths of adult nematodes were not significantly different between groups nor were the numbers of eggs present in adult females recovered from each group significantly different (p>0.05). There were also no significant differences between groups regarding fecal egg counts (p>0.05). Results suggest either: (1) the antigens targeted by the induced antibodies were not present in O. ostertagi; (2) the antigens targeted by the induced antibodies were present, but not essential to O. ostertagi survival; or (3) the antigen was present and essential, but amount of antibody ingested was insufficient to cause damage to the nematode.
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PMID:Ostertagia ostertagi challenge of calves vaccinated with Haemonchus placei intestinal homogenate. 1082 16

A microscopic examination of Eulophus pennicornis larvae on their host Lacanobia oleracea, revealed that peristaltic waves travelled from the anterior to posterior end of the feeding wasp larvae, and vice versa. In addition, when wasp larvae were immersed in PBS in vitro, they released a variety of proteins, with molecular weights ranging from (at least) 14 to 200 kDa. Amongst these was a protein with an estimated molecular weight similar to that of the 27 kDa parasitism-specific protein (PSP) detected in plasma from parasitized L. oleracea [Richards and Edwards, Insect Biochem Mol Biol 29:557-569 (1999)]. Similar results were obtained when the wasp larvae were incubated on balls of cotton wool soaked in tissue culture medium or sucrose, i.e., conditions that resemble their natural feeding behaviour. These results (and others) indicate that the wasp larvae release proteins, putatively through their mouth. Protein synthesis studies using (35)S-methionine indicated that the wasp larvae synthesize and secrete a variety of proteins in vitro, including one with a molecular weight corresponding to that of the L. oleracea 27 kDa PSP. As expected, only a portion of the total proteins synthesized by the parasitoid larvae were subsequently secreted. In addition, the autoradiogram of secreted proteins contained significantly fewer bands than silver-stained SDS gels of proteins released into PBS or onto cotton wool. Thus, some of the additional bands detected on the latter gels are thought to represent proteins that were not of wasp origin. Instead, these proteins released by the wasp larvae are speculated to be derived from their gut and, as such, probably represent proteins derived from host haemolymph and ingested during feeding. This possibility was supported by an electrophoretic analysis of homogenate supernatants prepared from wasp larvae with or without their gut contents. These studies indicated that the gut contents of the larval parasitoid contributes several distinct bands to the total protein profile. The ability of E. pennicornis larvae to synthesize, secrete, and release proteins is discussed with reference to those produced by endoparasitoid larvae. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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PMID:Proteins synthesized and secreted by larvae of the ectoparasitic wasp, Eulophus pennicornis. 1127 71

Intestinal secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) plays an important role in gut mucosal immunity in vivo; however, in-vitro enterocyte models for studying the mechanisms of these effects are lacking. This study utilizes a cell-culture model to investigate the effect of sIgA on bacterial translocation (BT) across human enterocytes co-cultured with human lymphoid cells (Raji cells). This model is intended to mimic in-vivo enterocyte/lymphocyte interactions found in intestinal follicle-associated epithelia. Human Caco-2 enterocytes were grown to confluence on porous filters in the apical chamber of a two-chamber cell-culture system. After differentiation, human B lymphoid cells (Raji cells) were added to the basolateral surface of Caco-2 monolayers for 3 days' co-culture, followed by washing away of unincorporated Raji cells. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was used to measure tight-junction permeability. Monolayers were treated with or without sIgA, IgG (negative control), or mannose (positive control). BT across the cell monolayer was determined 1.5 h after addition of Escherichia coli. Statistical analysis was by the Kruskal-Wallis test, P below 0.05 considered significant. In co-culture monolayers treated with sIgA, IgG, or mannose, there was no significant effect on TEER; however, the magnitude of BT across cells treated with sIgA (1.3 +/- 0.4 log10CFU/ml) and mannose (1.6 +/- 1.1 log10CFU/ml) was significantly decreased compared to PBS (3.9 +/- 0.4 log10CFU/ml) and IgG (2.9 +/- 0.6 log10CFU/ml) controls (P < 0.05). sIgA BT inhibition was dose-dependent. BT inhibition by sIgA and mannose was additive (0.5 +/- 1 log10CFU/ml). Inhibition of BT was negated when sIgA and mannose were removed by washing prior to E. Coli addition (3.6 +/- 0.5 log10CFU/ml), suggesting that both inhibitors act through bacterial binding.
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PMID:Effect of secretory immunoglobulin A on bacterial translocation in an enterocyte-lymphocyte co-culture model. 1140 61

Peyer's patches (PP) represent a well-characterized inductive site in gut-associated lymphoid tissue that actively acquires antigens from the intestinal lumen. It was reported that organized PP are not required for antigen-specific IgA responses induced by oral immunization with soluble antigen mixed with the mucosal adjuvant, cholera toxin. However, the role of PP in the induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses remains to be clarified in the case of particulate antigen. Here, we created PP-null mice by treating them with monoclonal anti-IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7 R alpha) antibody during gestation and then immunized with antigen-encapsulated poly-lactic acid (PLA) microspheres. Brisk OVA-specific antibody responses were noted in serum and fecal extracts of normal mice following direct intestinal immunization with OVA in PBS (OVA-PBS) as well as in PLA-microspheres (OVA-MS). Antibody production was similarly elevated in PP-null mice immunized with OVA-PBS via direct injection into the intestinal tract. In contrast, OVA-specific antibody responses were dramatically decreased in both serum and fecal extracts collected from PP-null mice immunized intestinally with OVA-MS. These results were further supported by the number of OVA-specific antibody-forming cells detected in the spleen and intestinal lamina propria. PP deficiency also resulted in the reduction in OVA-specific Th1/Th2 cell responses in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice intestinally immunized with OVA-MS. These results suggested that organized PP do, in fact, play a crucial role in the induction of antigen-specific immune responses against ingested particulate antigen.
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PMID:Lack of antigen-specific immune responses in anti-IL-7 receptor alpha chain antibody-treated Peyer's patch-null mice following intestinal immunization with microencapsulated antigen. 1220 48

We have produced a functional heat labile enterotoxin (LT-) B subunit of Escherichia coli in maize. LT-B is a multimeric protein that presents an ideal model for an edible vaccine, displaying stability in the gut and inducing mucosal and systemic immune responses. Transgenic maize was engineered to synthesize the LT-B polypeptides, which assembled into oligomeric structures with affinity for G(M1) gangliosides. We orally immunized BALB/c mice by feeding transgenic maize meal expressing LT-B or non-transgenic maize meal spiked with bacterial LT-B. Both treatments stimulated elevated IgA and IgG antibodies against LT-B and the closely related cholera toxin B subunit (CT-B) in serum, and elevated IgA in fecal pellets. The transgenic maize induced a higher anti-LT-B and anti-CT-B mucosal and serum IgA response compared to the equivalent amount of bacterial LT-B spiked into maize. Following challenge by oral administration of the diarrhea inducing toxins LT and CT, transgenic maize-fed mice displayed reduced fluid accumulation in the gut compared to non-immunized mice. Moreover, the gut to carcass ratio of immunized mice was not significantly different from the PBS (non-toxin) challenged control group. We concluded that maize-synthesized LT-B had features of the native bacterial LT-B such as molecular weight, G(M1) binding ability, and induction of serum and mucosal immunity. We have demonstrated that maize, a major food and feed ingredient, can be efficiently transformed to produce, accumulate, and store a fully assembled and functional candidate vaccine antigen.
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PMID:A functional antigen in a practical crop: LT-B producing maize protects mice against Escherichia coli heat labile enterotoxin (LT) and cholera toxin (CT). 1243 79


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