Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P30536 (PBS)
 9,886 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Searching for the best procedure for simultaneous estimation of the anterior pituitary hormones, extraction efficiencies of various media, additives such as urea and triton X-100, and physical treatments such as freezing-thawing (F-T) and sonication, were examined by measuring prolactin (PRL), growth hormone (GH), lutropin (LH), follitropin (FSH), and thyrotropin (TSH) in the extracts. Ethanolic media (60% EtOH) gave high yields of PRL at neutral to alkaline pH, but poor extraction of GH accompanied by a marked loss of its immunoreactivity during storage. Ethanolic media also gave a poor yield of LH even at high pH. Aqueous media like PBS at various pH, 0.1 M acetic acid and distilled water were considerably effective in the extraction of GH, LH, FSH and TSH if they were coupled with F-T and sonication. However, high yields of PRL could not be obtained with these aqueous media even with F-T and sonication. Hartree's 40% EtOH-6% ammonium acetate, pH 5.1, solubilized considerable amounts of glycoprotein hormones, but yielded almost no GH and only a small amount of PRL. The addition of triton X-100 to PBS (pH 7) at 0.1% resulted in the maximum extraction of glycoprotein hormones with homogenization and F-T, but further sonication was necessary for GH and PRL. When the anterior pituitaries were homogenized and frozen-thawed in PBS (pH 7) containing 1 M urea, yields of PRL, GH, LH, FSH, and TSH were maximum, and sonication did not cause any additional extraction, indicating that this procedure, i.e. homogenization and F-T in 1 M urea-PBS, would be the best for the simultaneous estimation of these anterior pituitary hormones.
 ...
PMID:Choice of extraction procedure for estimation of anterior pituitary hormone content. 343 4

Anterior pituitaries from primiparous lactating C3H/He mice cultured in the medium containing 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for 48 hours and pituitaries from lactating mice given subcutaneous injections of 0.05 ml DMSO twice daily for two days and once on the morning of the third day were used in the studies of the in vitro and the in vivo effects of DMSO, respectively. Phosphate buffer saline was used in the control. Synthesis and release of growth hormone and prolactin were estimated by the incorporation of [14C]leucine into each hormone during three hours' incubation of the pituitaries pre-exposed to DMSO or PBS. The values in the medium represented released hormone and sum of the values in the medium and the pituitary represented the synthesized hormone. DMSO stimulated synthesis of GH and synthesis and release of prolactin in vitro. Meanwhile, in the vivo study, synthesis of GH and prolactin were lower in the DMSO-injected mice than in the control. The results suggest that the effects of DMSO on the pituitary secretion of GH and prolactin are adverse in vitro and in vivo. In vivo exposure of pituitary to DMSO resulted in the suppression of lactation.
 ...
PMID:The in vitro and in vivo effects of dimethyl sulfoxide on the pituitary secretion of growth hormone and prolactin in mice. 619 45

There is substantial evidence for interactions between the immune and endocrine systems at different levels. In the present study we investigated whether human growth hormone (hGH) could stimulate proliferation of interferon-gamma-secreting cells (IFN-gamma-SC), and production of IFN-gamma. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) taken from 15 normal subjects were incubated with varying doses (200,400,600 and 800 ng/ml) of recombinant hGH. Samples of cells were also incubated with PBS buffer (without hGH) to serve as controls. Effects of hGH were studied by enumerating IFN-gamma-SC and by measuring the concentration of IFN-gamma using an Immunospot assay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The results showed that hGH significantly increased both the number of IFN-gamma-SC and the concentration of IFN-gamma in a dose-dependent manner. The maximum effects were obtained in the presence of (400 ng/ml) hGH (15 +/- .5 IFN-gamma-SC/10(6) PBMC and 300 +/- 55 U/ml IFN-gamma) compared to controls (4 +/- 2 IFN-gamma-SC/10(6) PBMC and 50 +/- 10 U/ml IFN-gamma). The results of the present study suggest that hGH might influence the immune system by stimulating the proliferation of IFN-gamma-SC and the production of IFN-gamma.
 ...
PMID:Growth hormone stimulates production of interferon-gamma by human peripheral mononuclear cells. 919 4

Prostaglandins primarily of uterine origin play an important role in parturition. Hysterectomy of nongravid pigs early in the luteal phase maintains luteal function until about Day 150, whereas the duration of normal pregnancy is about 114 days. A precisely timed peak release of relaxin and coincident decrease in progesterone secretion in unmated hysterectomized gilts are similar to hormonal changes that occur a few hours before parturition. It is hypothesized that prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) in hysterectomized pigs mimics abrupt changes in ovarian and pituitary hormone secretion seen before normal parturition and in early lactation. Unmated Yorkshire gilts were hysterectomized on Days 6-8 of a normal estrous cycle, and at 1200 h on Day 113, they were given an i.m. injection of 30 mg PGF2alpha-trihydroxymethylaminomethane (THAM) salt or PBS. None of these gilts expressed behavioral estrus immediately after PGF2alpha or vehicle treatment. On Day 113, PGF2alpha increased peak relaxin (60 ng/ml) compared with that of controls (34 ng/ml; p < 0.01), whereas progesterone decreased abruptly (4 vs. 16 ng/ml in PGF2alpha and PBS; p < 0.01). Prolactin remained at < 5 ng/ml from Day 98 to 120 in controls but peaked at 33 ng/ml immediately after PGF2alpha treatment on Day 113, and then decreased to levels similar to those of controls on Day 120. Sequential bleeding revealed an acute growth hormone release (4.5 ng/ml) immediately after PGF2alpha injection and return to basal levels (< 0.6 ng/ml) on Days 114-120. PGF2alpha induced abrupt shifts in progesterone, relaxin, prolactin, and growth hormone secretion in hysterectomized gilts that mimicked hormone changes seen in late pregnancy, parturition, and early lactation. These findings provide new insight into the role of PGF2alpha in abruptly changing hormone secretions by aging corpora lutea and the pituitary gland even in the absence of conceptuses or the uterus in the pig.
 ...
PMID:Prostaglandin F2alpha-induced luteolysis of aging corpora lutea in hysterectomized pigs. 954 36

Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by adipocytes and regulates body weight through its effect on satiety and energy metabolism. The ob/ob mouse is deficient in this protein and is characterized by obesity and other metabolic disorders. This study investigated the alterations of several hepatic cytochrome P-450 (CYP), conjugation, and antioxidant enzymes in lean and ob/ob mice and the role leptin plays in the modulation of these enzymes. Lean and ob/ob male mice were injected with leptin (100 microg) or PBS for 15 days. Liver microsomes from ob/ob mice, when compared with lean controls, displayed significantly reduced chlorzoxazone 6-hydroxylation activity (27%); however, 7alpha- and 16alpha- testosterone hydroxylation and pentoxyresorufin O-dealkylation activities were significantly higher (47%, 22%, and 39%, respectively). Leptin administration corrected alterations seen with all P-450 activities. Dealkylation of ethoxyresorufin and omega-hydroxylation of lauric acid activities from ob/ob and lean mice were not statistically different; however, leptin exposure significantly increased ethoxyresorufin activity in lean mice (14%) and decreased the activity in ob/ob mice (36%). UDP-glucuronosyl-transferase and glutathione S-transferase activities were not altered. The antioxidant enzymes, catalase (11%) and glutathione peroxidase (26%), as well as glutathione reductase (17%), were lower in the ob/ob mice and leptin treatment corrected these alterations. The results of this study demonstrate alterations in constitutive expression of CYP2B, CYP2E, CYP2A, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in ob/ob mice that were restored to lean control values following leptin treatment. Additionally, CYP3A activity was increased following leptin treatment in ob/ob mice. The mechanism for the observed alterations may be due to direct leptin effects or via indirect alterations in insulin, corticosterone, and/or growth hormone.
 ...
PMID:Effect of leptin on cytochrome P-450, conjugation, and antioxidant enzymes in the ob/ob mouse. 1034 99

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells of the neutrophil lineage. Measurement of murine G-CSF levels will allow examination of its role in host defense using murine models. Therefore, we developed a sensitive sandwich enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) for murine G-CSF. A polyclonal antibody to recombinant murine G-CSF was produced in rabbits and isolated using a protein A column. This purified native IgG served as the capture antibody and a portion of the IgG was biotinylated to serve as the developing antibody. Specificity was verified by lack of reactivity to GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-3, prolactin, and growth hormone. The lower limit of sensitivity routinely extended to 16 pg/ml in multiple ELISAs. Intra-assay coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 3.4 to 21.5% across the detection limits of the assay, with the greatest variance occurring near the standard curve maximum. Interassay CV ranged from 11.5 to 23.3%. The ability of the ELISA to detect G-CSF in different sample preparations was examined in RPMI 1640 with 10% FCS, Hanks balanced salt solution, PBS/Tween-20/2% FCS, and the dilution media for ELISA (10% BLOTTO/PBS/0.05% Tween-20). Average recovery in these media ranged from 98 to 107%. Heparin anti-coagulated normal mouse plasma had a suppressive effect on the ELISA that varied between individual mice. Recovery was also determined from liver, spleen, and lung homogenate suspensions at dilutions of 1:5, 1:10, and 1:20 in dilution buffer. Recovery from liver was optimal at the 1:10 and 1:20 dilutions at 105%, with that of the 1:5 dilution at 135%. Recovery from spleen ranged from 94 to 96%. Lung homogenate displayed enhanced recovery (139% or greater) across all dilutions. The ability of the assay to detect G-CSF was explored by measurement of G-CSF levels in peritoneal lavage following polymicrobial intra-abdominal infection. Peak levels of G-CSF production occurred at 16 h after cecal ligation and puncture surgery with 18- and 21-guage needles (75.7 ng/ml and 111.4 ng/ml, respectively) as compared to the sham animals (0.61 ng/ml). The assay was found to be specific, sensitive, and accurate for measurement of murine G-CSF in a variety of sample types.
 ...
PMID:A sandwich enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay for measurement of picogram quantities of murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. 1036 91

Our goal was to identify the cells expressing Pit-1 protein in chicken anterior pituitary. The anterior pituitaries were collected from laying hens after perfusion with formalin-PBS, and fixed with Bouin's fixative followed by paraffin embedding. Sections of the anterior pituitaries were immunostained for Pit-1 in the first staining sequence followed by staining for 6 types of pituitary hormones in the second sequence. Pit-1 positive nuclei were observed in the glandular cells in both the cephalic and caudal lobes. Pit-1 immunoreaction products were colocalized in the glandular cells immunopositive for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone or prolactin. These results indicate that Pit-1 protein induction occurs in 6 types of glandular cells, suggesting that Pit-1 may regulate hormone synthesis in each glandular cell in the chicken pituitary.
 ...
PMID:Immunocytochemical identification of Pit-1 containing cells in the anterior pituitary of hens. 1496 13

To determine whether IL-6 increases lipolysis and fat oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes and/or whether it exerts this effect independently of changes to the hormonal milieu, patients with type 2 diabetes (D) and healthy control subjects (CON) underwent recombinant human (rh)IL-6 infusion for 3 h. Rates of appearance (Ra) and disappearance (Rd) of [U-(13C)]palmitate and [6,6-(2H2)]glucose were determined. rhIL-6 infusion increased (P < 0.05) palmitate Ra and Rd in a similar fashion in both groups. Neither plasma glucose concentration nor glucose Ra/Rd was affected by rhIL-6 infusion in either group, whereas rhIL-6 infusion resulted in a reduction (P < 0.05) in circulating insulin in D. Plasma growth hormone (GH) was increased (P < 0.05) by IL-6 in CON, and cortisol increased (P < 0.05) in response to IL-6 in both groups. To determine whether IL-6 was exerting its effect directly or through activation of these hormones, we performed cell culture experiments. Fully differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with PBS (control) IL-6, or IL-6 plus dexamethasone and GH. IL-6 treatment alone increased (P < 0.05) lipolysis, but this effect was reduced by the addition of dexamethasone and GH such that IL-6 plus dexamethasone and GH had blunted (P < 0.05) lipolysis compared with IL-6 alone. To assess whether IL-6 increases fat oxidation, L6 myotubes were treated with PBS (Control), IL-6, or AICAR, a compound known to increase lipid oxidation. Both IL-6 and AICAR markedly increased (P < 0.05) oxidation of [(14)C]palmitate compared with Control. Acute IL-6 treatment increased fatty acid turnover in D patients as well as healthy CON subjects. Moreover, IL-6 appears to be activating lipolysis independently of elevations in GH and/or cortisol and appears to be a potent catalyst for fat oxidation in muscle cells.
 ...
PMID:Acute IL-6 treatment increases fatty acid turnover in elderly humans in vivo and in tissue culture in vitro. 1538 70

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I is a polypeptide that mediates the growth-promoting action of growth hormone in postnatal animals. The present study was conducted to examine whether orally administered IGF-I would be absorbed into the general circulation and also whether ingested IGF-I would enhance the growth of whole body as well as internal organs, and tissues in 3-week-old ICR-strain female weanling mice. In experiment (Exp) 1, a total of 70 mice received IGF-I orally at 1 microg.g-1 in 0.2-ml PBS or the vehicle alone. Concentrations of IGF-I and glucose in heart blood were measured after killing 5 animals in each group every fourth hour during a 24-hour period. In Exp 2, a total of 40 mice received oral IGF-I administration at 1 microg.g-1 or vehicle every third day beginning from day 0 for a 13-day period. Half the animals were killed at day 7 and the other half at day 13. Weights of whole body and organs/tissues (small intestine, liver, thigh muscle, and brain) were measured every day and at slaughter, respectively. In Exp 1, following the oral IGF-I administration, serum IGF-I concentration increased at hour 4 (p<0.01) and returned to the hour 0 level by hour 8, whereas glucose concentration was lowest at hour 4 and returned to the hour 0 level by hour 16. In the PBS-fed group, neither IGF-I nor glucose concentration changed during the 24-hour period. In Exp 2, weight of small intestine increased (p<0.05) in response to the oral IGF-I, whereas weights of liver and thigh muscle of the IGF-I-fed group were greater (p<0.01) and tended to be greater (p=0.06), respectively, than those of the PBS-fed only at day 13. However, brain weight and serum concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II were not affected by oral IGF-I administration. Results suggest that although orally administered IGF-I mainly acts at the intestine, a portion of ingested IGF-I is absorbed into the general circulation to enhance the growth of selective organs/tissues in weanling mice.
 ...
PMID:Effects of oral administration of insulin-like growth factor-I on circulating concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I and growth of internal organs in weanling mice. 1629 62

Ghrelin, an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor, was originally purified from rat stomach; subsequently, ghrelin neurons were found in the arcuate nuclei of rats. Central effects of the peptide on GH release, however, remain to be clarified. The aim of the present study was to determine the morphologic features of GH-producing pituicytes and serum GH concentration after central administration of ghrelin. Five injections of rat ghrelin or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; n = 10 rats/group) were given every 24 hrs (1 microg of ghrelin in 5 microl of PBS) into the lateral cerebral ventricle of male rats. Significant (P < 0.05) increases in absolute and relative pituitary weights occurred in ghrelin-treated rats versus controls (58% and 41%, respectively). Morphometric parameters (i.e., the volume of GH cells, volume of their nuclei, and volume density) all significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 17%, 18%, and 19%, respectively, in the ghrelin-treated group versus controls. Terminal serum concentration of GH was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by 15% with ghrelin treatment. The results clearly document that daily nanomolar doses of ghrelin into the lateral cerebral ventricle stimulate GH cell proliferation and promote GH release. Thus, achieving pharmacologic control of central ghrelin receptors is a promising modality to modulate the actions of GH.
 ...
PMID:Central effects of ghrelin on serum growth hormone and morphology of pituitary somatotropes in rats. 1706 Jun 81


1 2 Next >>