Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P30044 (antioxidant enzyme)
 8,037 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Selenium ingestion may inhibit carcinogenesis. Epidemiologic studies have shown that age-adjusted death rates for cancer at most head and neck sites are lower in states where the soil and forage crops contain higher levels of selenium. The mode of action is incompletely understood, but may be mediated through an increase in the activity of the selenium dependent, antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). The authors studied blood selenium levels and blood and tissue GSH-Px activities in 50 patients with untreated cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Mean erythrocyte selenium and glutathione peroxidase were significantly depressed when compared to age-matched controls. Mean plasma selenium, on the other hand, was significantly elevated in the cancer patient group. Data from subsets within the cancer patient group were also discussed. GSH-Px activity did not differ in tumor and adjacent normal tissue. The concept of chemoprevention of carcinogenesis with inhibitory chemical compounds is particularly apropos to head and neck cancer control. Further work is indicated to determine if ingestion of supplemental selenium corrects the abnormalities identified here, and what affect, if any, this would have on the development and behavior of squamous cell cancers in the upper aerodigestive tract.
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PMID:Selenium and glutathione peroxidase levels in patients with epidermoid carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx. 682 99

We have previously identified and characterized GSHPx-GI, which is a cellular selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) distinct from the classic GSHPx-1 and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX). We have determined the level of GSHPx-GI mRNA expression in the rat gastrointestinal tract from esophagus to colon. Although GSHPx-GI mRNA is readily detectable throughout the GI tract, the highest level is detected in the ileum and cecum. We have also determined the levels of GSHPx-GI mRNA expression and several antioxidant enzyme activities along the villus-to-crypt axis in the rat small intestine by cell fractionation. GSHPx-GI mRNA is present at a similar level in all of the epithelial fractions, whereas GSHPx-1 mRNA is detectable only in the remnant. This suggests that GSHPx-GI is the major cellular tetrameric GSHPx expressed in intestinal epithelium, and the expression of GSHPx-GI in the GI tract is not likely regulated differentially through maturation of epithelial cells. In terms of enzymatic activity, although we detected lower glutathione S-transferase activity in the crypt epithelium, there was a marginal increase of PHGPX activity, a twofold increase of GSHPx activity, and a three- to fivefold increase of catalase activity in the crypt relative to the distal villus. Thus, the crypt epithelial cells may be better protected from peroxidative damage.
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PMID:The expression of an intestinal form of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx-GI) in rat intestinal epithelium. 748 90

Oxidative damage due to free radical production is increased in uraemic patients and has been suggested as a possible factor contributing to the anaemia of chronic renal failure (CRF) and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress was assessed in 40 patients with CRF maintained by either haemodialysis (HD) or continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and in 18 healthy controls. Lipid peroxidation (assessed as malondialdehyde, MDA), total glutathione (TG), antioxidant enzyme (glutathione reductase (GSHRx), glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD)) activity and antioxidant associated trace metal (selenium, copper, zinc) levels were studied. Erythrocyte membrane fluidity was examined using the fluorescent probe 1,6 diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH). The results indicate increased levels of oxidative stress and altered erythrocyte membrane fluidity in patients treated with CAPD compared with controls and patients treated with HD. Only minor changes were observed in patients treated with HD. Altered free radical activity, oxidative stress and altered erythrocyte membrane fluidity observed in patients with CRF may contribute to the increase in vascular disease in such patients and to the anaemia of CRF.
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PMID:Oxidative stress and erythrocyte membrane fluidity in patients undergoing regular dialysis. 755 72

Several studies have described the determination of selenium in protein extracts from tissues of marine or terrestrial animals, but have not identified the different chemical forms of selenium that are present. Selenium may be present as seleno-amino acids. Selenocysteine, for example, is a normal component of glutathione peroxidase, an antioxidant enzyme which may behave like other antioxidants, such as vitamin E, protecting tissues against methylmercury toxicity. The present study illustrates a method for the characterization of seleno-amino acids, such as selenocysteine and selenomethionine, in proteins extracted from the liver of marine mammals. The mechanism of detoxification of methylmercury, which involves seleno-compounds, is identified. The analytical determination was carried out using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography coupled with integrated pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-IPAD). This method allows the direct determination of underivatized amino acids, eliminating the procedure of pre- or postcolumn derivatization. The chromatographic separation was carried out on an anion-exchange column using a quaternary gradient elution. In order to optimize this method, interferences of amino acids and the influence of pH and ionic strength on the separation and electrochemical detection were studied. The IPAD response for the direct detection of amino acids is optimum at pH > 11. The detection limit (S/N = 3) for selenocysteine was found to be 450 micrograms/l. The application of this method for the identification of seleno-amino acids in protein hydrolysates is also shown.
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PMID:Direct determination of seleno-amino acids in biological tissues by anion-exchange separation and electrochemical detection. 764 Jul 74

Methionine is converted by the transmethylation/transsulfuration pathway to homocysteine which may exert atherogenic effects by several mechanisms, including lipid peroxidation. Therefore, the excessive dietary methionine may induce the development of atherosclerosis. To test this hypothesis, plasma and aortic thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as well as activities of aortic and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were measured in rabbits fed a diet enriched with 0.3% methionine for 6 or 9 months. Histological examinations of aortas also were performed. Feeding rabbits a methionine-enriched diet for 6 or 9 months resulted in significant increases in plasma and aortic TBARS levels and aortic antioxidant enzyme activities. However, a decrease in plasma antioxidant activity (AOA) was observed. In erythrocytes, SOD activity increased, catalase remained normal and GPX decreased in the treated animals. Histological examination of aortas showed typical atherosclerotic changes, such as intimal thickening, deposition of cholesterol, and calcification in methionine-fed rabbits. These results confirm that high-methionine diet may induce atherosclerosis in rabbits and indicate disturbances in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant processes as possible mechanisms of its atherogenic influence.
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PMID:Increased lipid peroxidation as a mechanism of methionine-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. 766 80

This review briefly summarizes the scientific evidence for a possible role of antioxidants in the prevention of coronary heart disease (CHD). Antioxidants in our diet include vitamins E, C, and beta-carotene, whereas selenium is an integral part of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx). Experimental evidence suggests that free-radical damage and antioxidant defence may play an important role in the development of coronary heart disease. Epidemiological studies have produced some intriguing results, but have not indicated unequivocally that a high intake of antioxidants leads to a decreased cardiovascular disease risk. We conclude that the antioxidant atherosclerosis hypothesis is promising, but that the results of long-term intervention studies are still to be awaited. Preventive action based on antioxidant supplementation is therefore not justifiable as yet. Nevertheless, the findings so far certainly do support the recommendations for a varied diet rich in vegetables and fruit.
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PMID:Antioxidants and coronary heart disease. 769 69

Pancreatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx) activities were measured during the development of diabetes in diabetes-prone BB rats (BBdp) prior to insulin dependence. The pancreata from seven to eight BBdp rats of each sex were examined at ages 5, 7, 10, and 18 weeks and compared with age-matched control BB rats (BBc). At Week 18, BBdp rats had moderate to high insulitis but normal levels of blood glucose and insulin. Pancreatic CuZnSOD activity in BBdp rats was two times higher than the activity seen in BBc rats at age 5-10 weeks but then declined to the same level as seen in BBc rats at 18 weeks of age. MnSOD activity increased over time in the BBdp rats but remained very low in BBc rats. These changes in CuZnSOD and MnSOD activity resulted in BBdp rats having twice the pancreatic total SOD activity compared with BBc rats (P < 0.0001). Total GSHPx activity was significantly reduced in the pancreata from both male and female BBdp rats compared with their respective controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001, respectively). The lower total GSHPx activity was due to reduced selenium-dependent GSHPx (SeGSHPx) activity. Erythrocyte and plasma activity of these enzymes was not different between rats with or without insulitis, indicating that differences in enzyme activities were confined to the pancreas. Thus, changes in pancreatic antioxidant enzyme activities occur prior to the development of diabetes symptoms in BBdp rats and may be related to the destruction of the pancreatic B cells and ultimate development of diabetes.
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PMID:Changes in pancreatic glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities in the prediabetic diabetes-prone BB rat. 793 51

We have used the HL-60 and PLB-985 myeloid leukemia cell lines to examine the regulation of expression of the important intracellular antioxidant enzyme, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), during phagocytic cell differentiation in vitro. Induction of differentiation along the monocytic pathway by phorbol ester results in an approximately twofold rise in enzyme activity and a parallel increase in the rate of 75Se incorporation into immunoprecipitable GSH-Px protein. Induction along the granulocytic pathway by dimethyl formamide (DMF) results in similar changes in steady-state enzyme levels and rates of GSH-Px protein synthesis. Steady-state levels of GSH-Px gene transcripts also increase more than twofold, approximately in parallel with the enzyme levels. Nuclear run-on transcription assays of GSH-Px mRNA synthesis show ratios of induced to uninduced transcript levels of 2.24 and 1.59 with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induction and DMF, respectively, in HL-60 cells, and ratios of 1.34 and 3.46 with PMA and DMF, respectively, in PLB-985 cells. Half lives of GSH-Px mRNA are unchanged or slightly shorter after differentiation of HL-60 cells, and slightly longer after induction of PLB-985. Overall, the present studies show that GSH-Px activity rises during in vitro-induced monocytic or granulocytic differentiation of myeloid cell lines and that the increased expression of the cellular GSH-Px gene occurs through complex mechanisms that include transcriptional up-regulation. This pattern contrasts with the nearly complete cotranslational regulation of GSH-Px expression by exogenous selenium.
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PMID:Regulation of the human cellular glutathione peroxidase gene during in vitro myeloid and monocytic differentiation. 794 46

Selenium (Se) is a component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx). We wanted to determined whether Se deficiency predisposes to pulmonary O2 toxicity. Sixteen weanling rats were fed a Se-free diet (Se-). Sixteen rats fed the same diet had drinking water supplemented with 400 micrograms.l-1 sodium selenite (Se+). After 5 weeks, rats were killed after exposure to either 95% O2 or air for 36 h. Se concentration in blood, lung, liver, heart, muscle and spleen, and blood GSHPx activity were higher in Se+ than in Se- groups. Pulmonary oedema developed in both O2-exposed groups, but was more severe in Se-O2 group than in the Se+O2 group, as judged by the presence of pleural effusions (7 out of 8 versus 0 out of 8), elevated lavage protein concentration (173 +/- 17 versus 120 +/- 14 micrograms.ml-1), and higher wet/dry weight ratio (W:D) (5.8 +/- 0.07 versus 5.4 +/- 0.07). W:D correlated inversely with lung Se content in O2-exposed rats. Both O2-exposed groups had a reduction in the amount of less aggregated lavage phospholipid (PL) compared with the Se+air group. However, the Se-O2 group had increased total PL, because of an increase in more aggregated PL. We conclude that Se deficiency exacerbates pulmonary injury in O2-exposed rats, and that O2 toxicity is associated with an altered physical form of alveolar surfactant.
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PMID:Selenium deficiency augments the pulmonary toxic effects of oxygen exposure in the rat. 828 48

The essential nutrients zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) provide an antioxidant function to animal cells by very different mechanisms. Se is an integral part of Se-dependent glutathione peroxidases, a group of water-soluble enzymes that catalyze the destruction of water-soluble and, in some cases, membrane-bound hydroperoxides. In dietary Se deficiency, Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activities are decreased; at Se intakes above that which is required for optimal growth, there is a slight to moderate increase in Se-dependent glutathione peroxidase activities. Because of the enzymatic nature of the major role of Se as an antioxidant, Se can be categorized as having a general antioxidant function, controlling peroxide levels in cells by degrading hydroperoxides. On the other hand, Zn functions as an antioxidant only at specific sites, and is not a required cofactor for an antioxidant enzyme. Although Zn plays a structural role in the enzyme Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase, the activity of this enzyme is not decreased in Zn deficiency and its activity is usually depressed at high Zn intakes. Zn may function as a site-specific antioxidant by two mechanisms. Firstly, it competes with Fe and Cu for binding to cell membranes and some proteins, displacing these redox-active metals and making them more available for binding to ferritin and metallothionein, respectively. Secondly, Zn binds the sulfhydryl groups in proteins, protecting them from oxidation. Zn status does not directly control tissue peroxide levels but can protect specific molecules against oxidative and peroxidative damage.
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PMID:Zinc and selenium, site-specific versus general antioxidation. 831 37


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