Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P30044 (antioxidant enzyme)
 8,037 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Polyclonal antisera to manganese and copper-zinc superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and isozymes of glutathione S-transferase (liver and placental isolates, GST-L and GST-P, respectively) were used to localize these enzymes in normal rat lung by immunostaining. Light-microscopic results, using an immunoperoxidase technique, were expanded on by electron-microscopic immunogold localization. The findings were consistent with previous biochemical work. However, both GPx and GST-P were predominantly localized to extracellular connective tissue of the lung. These findings demonstrate the basal antioxidant enzyme phenotypes for parenchymal lung tissue at light- and electron-microscopic levels. Significant components of enzymatic defense to oxidant stress are heterogeneously distributed throughout rat lung tissue including both epithelial cell surfaces and the extracellular matrix.
 ...
PMID:Immunolocalization of antioxidant enzymes and isozymes of glutathione S-transferase in normal rat lung. 128 3

The potential usefulness of an insect model to evaluate oxidative stress induced by environmental pollutants was examined with trivalent arsenic (As3+, NaAsO2) and pentavalent arsenic (As5+, Na2HAsO4) in adult female house flies, Musca domestica, and fourth-instar cabbage loopers, Trichoplusia ni. M. domestica was highly susceptible to both forms of arsenic following 48 h exposure in the drinking water with LC50s of 0.008 and 0.011% w/v for As3+ and As5+, respectively. T. ni larvae were susceptible to dietary As3+ with an LC50 of 0.032% w/w but seem to tolerate As5+ well with an LC50 of 0.794% concentration after 48 h exposure. The minimally acute LC5 dose of both As3+ and As5+ varied considerably but averaged 0.005% for both insects. The potential of both valencies of arsenic for inducing oxidative stress in the insects exposed ad libitum to approximately LC5 levels was assessed. The parameters examined were the alterations of the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione transferase (GST), the peroxidase activity of glutathione transferase (GSTPX), and glutathione reductase (GR), and increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation. SOD (1.3-fold), GST (1.6-fold), and GR (1.5-fold) were induced by As3+ in M. domestica but CAT and GSTPX were not affected. As5+ had no effect on M. domestica. In T. ni, the antioxidant enzyme activities were not affected by As3+ except for SOD which was suppressed by 29.4% and GST which was induced by 1.4-fold. As5+ had no effect except the suppression of SOD by 41.2%. Lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, which represent stronger indices of oxidative stress, were elevated in both insects by up to 2.9-fold. However, based on the antioxidant enzyme response to the arsenic anions, the mode of action of arsenic induced oxidative stress may differ between the two insects. Until this aspect is further clarified, evidence at this time favors the prospect of As3+ as a pro-oxidant, especially for M. domestica.
 ...
PMID:An insect model for assessing oxidative stress related to arsenic toxicity. 760 44

The activities of antioxidant enzymes, and the expression of p21(WAF1) and p53 proteins were studied at different times after subculture during proliferation and differentiation phases. Two human melanoma cell lines were used: IPC182, which is a non-differentiating cell line, and IGR221, which spontaneously differentiates at the end of the exponential growth phase, as evidenced by a marked increase of melanin content and tyrosinase activity. In the two cell lines, the slowing of proliferation coincided with an increase in the activity and amount of immunoreactive superoxide dismutases (SOD1 and SOD2), and a decrease of catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and of the glutathione content. The levels of p21WAF1 and p53 proteins were found to be lower in confluent than in proliferative cells. Several parameters were modified only during the differentiation phase of IGR221 cells; in these cells the increase of tyrosinase activity was highly correlated with the increase in SOD2, GST, glutathione reductase, and G6PD activities. The level of glutathione was found to be lower in differentiated IGR221 than in non-differentiated IPC182 cells. These results suggest that p21WAF1 and p53 proteins are not involved in the spontaneous differentiation process of melanoma cells, and that abnormal regulation of the cell cycle inhibition pathway occurred in these cells. The results sustain the hypothesis that alterations of antioxidant enzyme expression are involved in the control of proliferation and differentiation of melanoma cells. Alterations of SOD2 activity may be of particular importance, since variations are observed with both cell growth and cell differentiation.
 ...
PMID:Modulation of antioxidant enzymes p21WAF1 and p53 expression during proliferation and differentiation of human melanoma cell lines. 1023 48

Lipid peroxide levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione transferase (GST) activities were investigated in mitochondrial fractions obtained from tumorous and nontumorous colorectal tissues of fourteen patients with colon and rectum cancer. Histopathological evaluations, including type, stage, necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration were also performed for each patient. The activities of SOD, GSH-Px and GST were increased significantly, but lipid peroxide levels remained unchanged in mitochondria obtained from tumors compared to adjacent normal tissues of subjects with colorectal cancer. When the patients were grouped according to their histopathological evaluation, such as type, stage, necrosis and lymphocyte infiltration, no relationship was observed between the histopathological results and the mitochondrial lipid peroxidation or antioxidant enzyme activities.
 ...
PMID:Mitochondrial lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues. 1112 24

This study aims to investigate the effects of the herbicide 2,4-D and the insecticide azinphosmethyl on hepatic antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in tilapia. Fish were exposed to 27 ppm 2,4-D, 0.03 ppm azinphosmethyl and to a mixture of both for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Activities of catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), glutathione-S-transferase (GST, EC 2.5.1.18) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver of Oreochromis niloticus exposed to 2,4-D and azinphosmethyl, both individually and in combination, were not affected by the pesticide exposures. However, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD, EC 1.1.1.49) and glutathione reductase (GR, EC 1.6.4.2) activities in individual and combined treatments, increased significantly compared to controls. Furthermore, glutathione peroxidase (GPx, EC 1.11.1.9) activity increased in individual treatment, while the same enzyme activity decreased in combination. 2,4-D did not affect the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1), but the activity of this enzyme in azinphosmethyl treatment decreased, while its activity increased in combination. Combined treatment of the pesticides exerted synergistic effects in the activity of SOD, while antagonistic effects were found in the activities of G6PD, GPx, GR. The results indicate that O. niloticus resisted oxidative stress by antioxidant mechanisms and prevented increases in lipid peroxidation.
 ...
PMID:Combined effects of 2,4-D and azinphosmethyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in liver of Oreochromis niloticus. 1124

The apparent anticarcinogenic effect of cruciferous vegetables found in numerous epidemiological and experimental studies has been associated with their influence on phase I and phase II metabolising enzymes as well as on the antioxidant status. In the present study we investigated the effect of administration of a Brussels sprouts extract on the expression at the mRNA level and/or catalytic activity in rat liver of three phase I enzymes [cytochrome P450-1A2 (CYP1A2),-2B1/2 (CYP2B1/2) and-2E1 (CYP2E1)] and two phase II enzyme [NADPH:quinone reductase (QR) and glutathione S-transferase pi 7 (GSTpi)], all previously suggested to be induced by vegetables. We also examined the activity and/or expression of several important antioxidant enzymes: glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase and gamma-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase (GCS) and the activity of the repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1). QR, GPx and catalase activity was also assessed in the kidneys. In order to examine a possible effect of the Brussels sprouts related to oxidative stress, we measured oxidative DNA damage in terms of 7-hydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG) and lipid peroxidation in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA) formation in the liver. Oral administration of an aqueous Brussels sprouts extract for 4 days was found to induce the expression of GST 1.3-fold (P < 0.05) and the activity of QR 2.6-fold in rat liver (P < 0.05). No significant differences were seen in the expression of the phase I enzymes. No differences in antioxidant enzyme activity/expression or OGG1 activity were observed. In a second experiment, administration of the Brussels sprouts extract for 3 or 7 days was found to increase the level of 8-oxodG in rat liver from 0.75 to 0.97 per 10(5) dG and from 0.81 to 0.97 per 10(5) dG, respectively (P < 0.05). No effects on MDA levels were found. The present results support the data obtained in several studies that consumption of cruciferous vegetables is capable of inducing various phase II enzyme systems. However, the observed increase in oxidative DNA damage raises the question of whether greatly increased ingestion of cruciferous vegetables is beneficial.
 ...
PMID:Effects of a Brussels sprouts extract on oxidative DNA damage and metabolising enzymes in rat liver. 1134 82

The present investigation focused, firstly, on the effects of oral administration of thymoquinone (TQ) on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and DT-diaphorase activity in hepatic, cardiac and kidney tissues of normal mice. Superoxide dismutase (SOD; E.C:1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT; E.C:1.11.1.6), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px; E.C:1.11.1.9), glutathione-S-transferase (GST; E.C:2.5.1.18), and DT-diaphorase (E.C:1.6.99.2) enzyme activities in each tissue type were determined. Treatment of mice with the different doses of TQ (25, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1) day(-1) orally) for 5 successive days, produced significant reductions in hepatic SOD, CAT and GSH-Px activities. In addition cardiac SOD activity was markedly inhibited with the higher doses of TQ, (namely 50 and 100 mg kg(-1)). Moreover, TQ (100 mg kg(-1)) significantly reduced hepatic and cardiac lipid peroxidation as compared with the respective control group. Conversely, TQ (50,100 mg kg(-1)) and TQ (100 mg kg(-1)) enhanced cardiac and renal DT-diaphorase activity respectively. However, the selected doses of TQ neither produced any change in GST activity nor influenced reduced glutathione content in all tissues studied. TQ was tested, secondly, as a substrate for hepatic, cardiac and renal DT-diaphorase of normal mice in the presence of NADPH. Kinetic parameters for the reduction of TQ to dihydrothymoquinone (DHTQ) indicated that DT-diaphorase of different tissues can efficiently reduce TQ to DHTQ. K(m) and V(max) values revealed that hepatic DT-diaphorase exhibited the higher values, while the lower values were associated with renal DT-diaphorase. TQ and DHTQ were tested, thirdly, as specific scavengers for superoxide anion (generated biochemically) or as general scavengers for free radicals (generated photochemically). The results revealed that TQ and DHTQ acted not only as superoxide anion scavengers but also as general free radical scavengers. The IC(50) for TQ and DHTQ in biochemical and photochemical assays were in the nanomolar and micromolar range respectively. Our data may explain at least partly the reported beneficial in vivo protective effects of TQ through the combined antioxidant properties of TQ and its metabolite DHTQ.
 ...
PMID:Effects of thymoquinone on antioxidant enzyme activities, lipid peroxidation and DT-diaphorase in different tissues of mice: a possible mechanism of action. 1197 10

Many individuals with cardiovascular diseases undergo periodic physical conditioning with or without medication. Therefore, this study investigated the interaction of exercise training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment on blood pressure (BP) and alterations in nitric oxide (NO), glutathione (GSH), antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in rats. Fisher 344 rats were divided into four groups: (1) sedentary control, (2) exercise training for 8 weeks, (3) nitroglycerin (15 mg/kg, s.c. for 8 weeks) and (4) training + nitroglycerin for 8 weeks. BP, heart rate (HR) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were monitored weekly for 8 weeks using tail-cuff method and oxygen/carbon dioxide analyzer, respectively. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after last treatments and plasma isolated and analyzed using HPLC, ELISA and UV-VIS spectrophotometric techniques. The results show that exercise conditioning significantly enhanced NO production (p < 0.001), GSH levels (p < 0.001), GSH/GSSG ratio (p < 0.05) and the up-regulation of the activities of catalase (CAT) (p < 0.05), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) (p < 0.001), and glutathione reductase (GR) (p < 0.05), and depression of lactate levels (p < 0.001) in the plasma of the rat. These biochemical changes were accompanied by a significant increase in RER (p < 0.001) without a significant change in BP and HR. Chronic nitroglycerin administration significantly increased NO levels (p < 0.05), GSH levels (p < 0.001), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (p < 0.05), GST activity (p < 0.05), and decreased MDA levels (p < 0.05). These biochemical changes were accompanied by a significant decrease in BP (p < 0.05) and without any significant changes in HR and RER. Interaction of exercise training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment resulted in normalization of plasma NO, MDA, lactate levels, and CAT activity. The combination of exercise and nitroglycerin significantly enhanced GSH levels (p < 0.05), and the up-regulation of SOD (p < 0.001), GSH-Px (p < 0.05), GR (p < 0.05) and GST (p < 0.001) activities. These biochemical changes were accompanied by normalization of BP and a significant increased in RER (p < 0.001). The data suggest that the interaction of physical training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment resulted in the maintenance of BP and the up-regulation of plasma antioxidant enzyme activities and GSH levels in the rat.
 ...
PMID:Interaction of physical training and chronic nitroglycerin treatment on blood pressure and plasma oxidant/antioxidant systems in rats. 1284 29

Long-term feeding effect of heated and fried peanut (PNO), rice bran (RBO) and palm oil (PO) in the diet on the hepatic antioxidant enzyme status and absorption and excretion of fats were studied in laboratory rats. The rats were fed oils heated to 180 degrees C continuously for a period of 72 h or laboratory fried at 20% level in the diet for 18 weeks. The results of the study indicated a significant increase in the catalase activity in HO groups and decrease in the FRO groups. The GPx activity while significantly low in HO groups was high in FRO groups, whereas, significant decrease in GST activity was observed in both PNO-HO/FRO groups. Increased activity was noted in RBO-FRO and PO-HO/FRO groups. The SOD activity showed a mixed response in different heated/fried oils and a marginal increase in the levels of fecal fat excretion was observed in some of the heated/fried oil groups. The results indicated no appreciable damage with respect to these antioxidant enzymes. Also, feeding heated fats as high as 20% in the diet for long duration does not result either in reduced food intake or excess fecal fat excretion.
 ...
PMID:Long-term feeding effects of heated and fried oils on hepatic antioxidant enzymes, absorption and excretion of fat in rats. 1284 36

Class kappa glutathione S-transferases are a poorly characterized family of detoxication enzymes whose localization has not been defined. In this study we investigated the tissue, cellular, and subcellular distribution of mouse glutathione S-transferase class kappa 1 (mGSTK1) protein using a variety of immunolocalization techniques. Western blotting analysis of mouse tissue homogenates demonstrated that mGSTK1 is expressed at relatively high levels in liver and stomach. Moderate expression was observed in kidney, heart, large intestine, testis, and lung, whereas sparse or essentially no mGSTK1 protein was detected in small intestine, brain, spleen, and skeletal muscle. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for mGSTK1 revealed granular staining of hepatocytes throughout the liver, consistent with organelle staining. IHC analysis of murine kidney localized GSTK1 to the straight portion of the proximal convoluted tubule (pars recta). Staining was consistent with regions rich in mitochondria. Electron microscopy, using indirect immunocolloidal gold staining, clearly showed that mGSTK1 was localized in mitochondria in both mouse liver and kidney. These results are consistent with a role for mGST K1-1 in detoxification, and the confirmation of the intramitochondrial localization of this enzyme implies a unique role for GST class kappa as an antioxidant enzyme.
 ...
PMID:Tissue-specific expression and subcellular distribution of murine glutathione S-transferase class kappa. 1510 Feb 42


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>