Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P21817 (RyR1)
 1,154 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To investigate the channel properties of the mammalian type 3 ryanodine receptor (RyR3), we have cloned the RyR3 cDNA from rabbit uterus by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and expressed the cDNA in HEK293 cells. Immunoblotting studies showed that the cloned RyR3 was indistinguishable from the native mammalian RyR3 in molecular size and immunoreactivity. Ca2+ release measurements using the fluorescence Ca2+ indicator fluo 3 revealed that the cloned RyR3 functioned as a caffeine- and ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ release channel in HEK293 cells. Functional properties of the cloned RyR3 were further characterized by using single channel recordings in lipid bilayers. The cloned RyR3 channel exhibited a K+ conductance of 777 picosiemens in 250 mM KCl and a Ca2+ conductance of 137 picosiemens in 250 mM CaCl2 and displayed a pCa2+/pK+ ratio of 6.3 and an open time constant of about 1.16 ms. The response of the cloned RyR3 to cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations was biphasic. The channel was activated by Ca2+ at about 100 nM and inactivated at about 10 mM. Ca2+ alone was able to activate the cloned RyR3 fully. Calmodulin activated the cloned RyR3 at low Ca2+ concentrations but inhibited the channel at high Ca2+ concentrations. The cloned RyR3 was activated by ATP, caffeine, and perchlorate, inhibited by Mg2+ and ruthenium red, and modified by ryanodine. Cyclic ADP-ribose did not seem to affect single channel activity of the cloned RyR3. The most prominent differences of the cloned RyR3 from the rabbit skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor were in the gating kinetics, extent of maximal activation by Ca2+, and sensitivity to Ca2+ inactivation. Results of the present study provide initial insights into the single channel properties of the mammalian RyR3.
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PMID:Functional characterization of the recombinant type 3 Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor) expressed in HEK293 cells. 930 76

The skeletal muscle relaxant dantrolene inhibits the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during excitation-contraction coupling and suppresses the uncontrolled Ca2+ release that underlies the skeletal muscle pharmacogenetic disorder malignant hyperthermia; however, the molecular mechanism by which dantrolene selectively affects skeletal muscle Ca2+ regulation remains to be defined. Here we provide evidence of a high-affinity, monophasic inhibition by dantrolene of ryanodine receptor Ca2+ channel function in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles prepared from malignant hyperthermia-susceptible and normal pig skeletal muscle. In media simulating resting myoplasm, dantrolene increased the half-time for 45Ca2+ release from both malignant hyperthermia and normal vesicles approximately 3.5-fold and inhibited sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle [3H]ryanodine binding (Ki approximately 150 nM for both malignant hyperthermia and normal). Inhibition of vesicle [3H]ryanodine binding by dantrolene was associated with a decrease in the extent of activation by both calmodulin and Ca2+. Dantrolene also inhibited [3H]ryanodine binding to purified skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor protein reconstituted into liposomes. In contrast, cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle 45Ca2+ release and [3H]ryanodine binding were unaffected by dantrolene. Together, these results demonstrate selective effects of dantrolene on skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors that are consistent with the actions of dantrolene in vivo and suggest a mechanism of action in which dantrolene may act directly at the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor complex to limit its activation by calmodulin and Ca2+. The potential implications of these results for understanding how dantrolene and malignant hyperthermia mutations may affect the voltage-dependent activation of Ca2+ release in intact skeletal muscle are discussed.
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PMID:Dantrolene inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release by direct and specific action at skeletal muscle ryanodine receptors. 934 Nov 33

This study presents evidence for a close relationship between the oxidation state of the skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel (RyR1) and its ability to bind calmodulin (CaM). CaM enhances the activity of RyR1 in low Ca2+ and inhibits its activity in high Ca2+. Oxidation, which activates the channel, blocks the binding of 125I-labeled CaM at both micromolar and nanomolar Ca2+ concentrations. Conversely, bound CaM slows oxidation-induced cross-linking between subunits of the RyR1 tetramer. Alkylation of hyperreactive sulfhydryls (<3% of the total sulfhydryls) on RyR1 with N-ethylmaleimide completely blocks oxidant-induced intersubunit cross-linking and inhibits Ca2+-free 125I-CaM but not Ca2+/125I-CaM binding. These studies suggest that 1) the sites on RyR1 for binding apocalmodulin have features distinct from those of the Ca2+/CaM site, 2) oxidation may alter the activity of RyR1 in part by altering its interaction with CaM, and 3) CaM may protect RyR1 from oxidative modifications during periods of oxidative stress.
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PMID:Oxidation of the skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel alters calmodulin binding. 988 19

Calmodulin (CaM) activates the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) release channel (RyR1) in the presence of nanomolar Ca(2+) concentrations. However, the role of CaM activation in the mechanisms that control Ca(2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in skeletal muscle and in the heart remains unclear. In media that contained 100 nM Ca(2+), the rate of (45)Ca(2+) release from porcine skeletal muscle SR vesicles was increased approximately threefold in the presence of CaM (1 microM). In contrast, cardiac SR vesicle (45)Ca(2+) release was unaffected by CaM, suggesting that CaM activated the skeletal RyR1 but not the cardiac RyR2 channel isoform. The activation of RyR1 by CaM was associated with an approximately sixfold increase in the Ca(2+) sensitivity of [(3)H]ryanodine binding to skeletal muscle SR, whereas the Ca(2+) sensitivity of cardiac SR [(3)H]ryanodine binding was similar in the absence and presence of CaM. Cross-linking experiments identified both RyR1 and RyR2 as predominant CaM binding proteins in skeletal and cardiac SR, respectively, and [(35)S]CaM binding determinations further indicated comparable CaM binding to the two isoforms in the presence of micromolar Ca(2+). In nanomolar Ca(2+), however, the affinity and stoichiometry of RyR2 [(35)S]CaM binding was reduced compared with that of RyR1. Together, our results indicate that CaM activates RyR1 by increasing the Ca(2+) sensitivity of the channel, and further suggest differences in CaM's functional interactions with the RyR1 and RyR2 isoforms that may potentially contribute to differences in the Ca(2+) dependence of channel activation in skeletal and cardiac muscle.
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PMID:Differential Ca(2+) sensitivity of skeletal and cardiac muscle ryanodine receptors in the presence of calmodulin. 1094 23

Ion channels have been studied extensively in ambient O2 tension (pO2), whereas tissue PO2 is much lower. The skeletal muscle calcium release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR1) is one prominent example. Here we report that PO2 dynamically controls the redox state of 6-8 out of 50 thiols in each RyR1 subunit and thereby tunes the response to NO. At physiological pO2, nanomolar NO activates the channel by S-nitrosylating a single cysteine residue. Among sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins, S-nitrosylation is specific to RyR1 and its effect on the channel is calmodulin dependent. Neither activation nor S-nitrosylation of the channel occurs at ambient PO2. The demonstration that channel cysteine residues subserve coupled O2 sensor and NO regulatory functions and that these operate through the prototypic allosteric effector calmodulin may have general implications for the regulation of redox-related systems.
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PMID:The skeletal muscle calcium release channel: coupled O2 sensor and NO signaling functions. 1096 11

In the renal collecting duct, vasopressin increases osmotic water permeability (P(f)) by triggering trafficking of aquaporin-2 vesicles to the apical plasma membrane. We investigated the role of vasopressin-induced intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in this process. In isolated inner medullary collecting ducts (IMCDs), vasopressin (0.1 nm) and 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP (0.1 mm) elicited marked increases in [Ca(2+)](i) (fluo-4). Vasopressin-induced Ca(2+) mobilization was completely blocked by preloading with the Ca(2+) chelator BAPTA. In parallel experiments, BAPTA completely blocked the vasopressin-induced increase in P(f) without affecting adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production. Previously, we demonstrated the lack of activation of the phosphoinositide-signaling pathway by vasopressin in IMCD, suggesting an inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-independent mechanism of Ca(2+) release. Evidence for expression of the type 1 ryanodine receptor (RyR1) in IMCD was obtained by immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Ryanodine (100 microm), a ryanodine receptor antagonist, blocked the arginine vasopressin-mediated increase in P(f) and blocked vasopressin-stimulated redistribution of aquaporin-2 to the plasma membrane domain in primary cultures of IMCD cells, as assessed by immunofluorescence immunocytochemistry. Calmodulin inhibitors (W7 and trifluoperazine) blocked the P(f) response to vasopressin and the vasopressin-stimulated redistribution of aquaporin-2. The results suggest that Ca(2+) release from ryanodine-sensitive stores plays an essential role in vasopressin-mediated aquaporin-2 trafficking via a calmodulin-dependent mechanism.
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PMID:Regulation of aquaporin-2 trafficking by vasopressin in the renal collecting duct. Roles of ryanodine-sensitive Ca2+ stores and calmodulin. 1097 64

Alteration of skeletal muscle function by reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide (NO) may involve regulation of the activity of the skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel (also known as RyR1). We have shown that oxidants can activate RyR1 and produce inter-subunit disulfide bonds. Both effects are prevented by pretreatment with either NO donors or N-ethylmaleimide under conditions that modify less than 5% of the total sulfhydryls on RyR1. Oxidation-induced intersubunit crosslinking can also be prevented by the binding of either Ca2+ calmodulin or apocalmodulin to RyR1. Also, both Ca2+ calmodulin and apocalmodulin binding are blocked by oxidation of RyR1. In contrast, alkylation with N-ethylmaleimide or reaction with NO donors preferentially blocks apocalmodulin binding to RyR1, suggesting the existence of a regulatory cysteine within the apocalmodulin binding site. We have demonstrated that Ca2+ calmodulin and apocalmodulin bind to overlapping, but nonidentical, sites on RyR1 and that cysteine 3635 is close to or within the apocalmodulin-binding site on RyR1. This cysteine is also one of the cysteines that form the intersubunit disulfide bonds, suggesting that calmodulin binds at an intersubunit contact site. Our findings are consistent with a model in which oxidants regulate the activity of RyR1 directly by altering subunit-subunit interactions and indirectly by preventing the binding of either Ca2+-bound calmodulin or apocalmodulin. NO also has both a direct and an indirect effect: it blocks the ability of oxidants to generate intersubunit disulfide bonds and prevents apocalmodulin binding.
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PMID:RyR1 modulation by oxidation and calmodulin. 1123 98

Fusion proteins and full-length mutants were generated to identify the Ca(2+)-free (apoCaM) and Ca(2+)-bound (CaCaM) calmodulin binding sites of the skeletal muscle Ca(2+) release channel/ryanodine receptor (RyR1). [(35)S]Calmodulin (CaM) overlays of fusion proteins revealed one potential Ca(2+)-dependent (aa 3553-3662) and one Ca(2+)-independent (aa 4302-4430) CaM binding domain. W3620A or L3624D substitutions almost abolished completely, whereas V3619A or L3624A substitutions reduced [(35)S]CaM binding to fusion protein (aa 3553-3662). Three full-length RyR1 single-site mutants (V3619A,W3620A,L3624D) and one deletion mutant (Delta4274-4535) were generated and expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. L3624D exhibited greatly reduced [(35)S]CaM binding affinity as indicated by a lack of noticeable binding of apoCaM and CaCaM (nanomolar) and the requirement of CaCaM (micromolar) for the inhibition of RyR1 activity. W3620A bound CaM (nanomolar) only in the absence of Ca(2+) and did not show inhibition of RyR1 activity by 3 microm CaCaM. V3619A and the deletion mutant bound apoCaM and CaCaM at levels compared with wild type. V3619A activity was inhibited by CaM with IC(50) approximately 200 nm, as compared with IC(50) approximately 50 nm for wild type and the deletion mutant. [(35)S]CaM binding experiments with sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles suggested that apoCaM and CaCaM bind to the same region of the native RyR1 channel complex. These results indicate that the intact RyR1 has a single CaM binding domain that is shared by apoCaM and CaCaM.
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PMID:Identification of apocalmodulin and Ca2+-calmodulin regulatory domain in skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel, ryanodine receptor. 1130 90

We have shown previously that at physiologically relevant oxygen tension (pO(2) approximately 10 mmHg), NO S-nitrosylates 1 of approximately 50 free cysteines per ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1) subunit and transduces a calcium-sensitizing effect on the channel by means of calmodulin (CaM). It has been suggested that cysteine-3635 is part of a CaM-binding domain, and its reactivity is attenuated by CaM [Porter Moore, C., Zhang, J. Z., Hamilton, S. L. (1999) J. Biol. Chem. 274, 36831-36834]. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that the effect of NO was mediated by C3635. The full-length RyR1 single-site C3635A mutant was generated and expressed in HEK293 cells. The mutation resulted in the loss of CaM-dependent NO modulation of channel activity and reduced S-nitrosylation by NO to background levels but did not affect NO-independent channel modulation by CaM or the redox sensitivity of the channel to O(2) and glutathione. Our results reveal that different cysteines within the channel have been adapted to serve in nitrosative and oxidative responses, and that S-nitrosylation of the cysteine-containing CaM-binding domain underlies the mechanism of CaM-dependent regulation of RyR1 by NO.
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PMID:Cysteine-3635 is responsible for skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor modulation by NO. 1156 75

In striated muscles, excitation-contraction coupling is mediated by the functional interplay between dihydropyridine receptor L-type calcium channels (DHPR) and ryanodine receptor calcium-release channel (RyR). Although significantly different molecular mechanisms are involved in skeletal and cardiac muscles, bidirectional cross-talk between the two channels has been described in both tissues. In the present study using surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, we demonstrate that both RyR1 and RyR2 can bind to structural elements of the C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of alpha(1C). The interaction is restricted to the CB and IQ motifs involved in the calmodulin-mediated Ca(2+)-dependent inactivation of the DHPR, suggesting functional interactions between the two channels.
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PMID:Skeletal and cardiac ryanodine receptors bind to the Ca(2+)-sensor region of dihydropyridine receptor alpha(1C) subunit. 1157 44


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