Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P21554 (cannabinoid receptor)
 3,582 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Rimonabant is a selective blocker of the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor that has been developed for treatment of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and control of diabetes. Four randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that following 1 year of treatment, 20 mg/d of rimonabant is associated with greater weight loss and reduction in waist circumference compared with placebo. Therapy with rimonabant is associated with favorable changes in serum high-density lipoprotein and triglycerides, as well as with an improvement in glycemic control among obese type 2 diabetic patients. Rimonabant appears to be well tolerated, with the most common side effects being nausea, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Rimonabant is a novel agent that has the potential to be a useful adjunct to lifestyle and behavior modification in treatment of abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, and dysglycemia.
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PMID:Rimonabant: the role of endocannabinoid type 1 receptor antagonism in modulating the weight and lipid profile of obese patients. 1800 18

Numerous studies have shown functional links between the cannabinoid and opioid systems. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether acute treatments by endogenous cannabinoid agonist, selective CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists modulate the expression of mu- (MOR) and delta- (DOR) opioid receptor mRNA levels and functional activity in the cerebellum of transgenic mice deficient in the CB1 type of cannabis receptors. We examined the effect of noladin ether (endogenous cannabinoid agonist) pretreatment on MOR and DOR mRNA expression by using reverse transcription and real-time polimerase chain reaction (PCR) and the ability of subsequent application of the opioid agonists to activate G-proteins, as measured by [35S]GTPgammaS binding, in wild-type (CB1+/+) and CB1 cannabinoid receptor deficient (CB1-/-, 'knockout', K.O.) mice. The acute administration of noladin ether markedly reduced MOR-mediated G-protein activation and caused a significant increase in the level of MOR mRNAs in the cerebella of wildtype, but not in the CB1-/- mice. No significant differences were observed in DOR functional activity and mRNA expression in wild-type animals. In CB1-/- mice the expression of DOR mRNA increased after noladin ether treatment, but no changes were found in DOR functional activity. In addition, Rimonabant (selective central cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist) and SR144528 (selective peripheral cannabinoid CB2 receptor antagonist) caused significant potentiation in MOR functional activity in the wild-type animals, whereas DOR mediated G-protein activation was increased in the CB1-/- mice. In contrast, Rimonabant and SR144528 decreased the MOR and DOR mRNA expressions in both CB1+/+ and CB1-/- mice. Taken together, these results indicate that acute treatment with cannabinoids causes alterations in MOR and DOR mRNA expression and functional activity in the cerebella of wild-type and CB1 knockout mice indicating indirect interactions between these two signaling systems.
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PMID:Altered gene expression and functional activity of opioid receptors in the cerebellum of CB1 cannabinoid receptor knockout mice after acute treatments with cannabinoids. 1829 98

Cyano analogs of Rimonabant with high binding affinity for the cerebral cannabinoid receptor (CB1) and with optimized lipophilicity have been synthesized as potential positron emission tomography (PET) ligands. The best ligands of the series are optimal targets for the future radiolabeling with PET isotopes and in vivo evaluation as radioligands with enhanced properties for PET imaging of CB1 receptors in human subjects. Extracellular electrophysiological recordings in rodent brain slices demonstrated that JHU75528, 4, the lead compound of the new series, has functional CB antagonist properties that are consistent with its structural relationship to Rimonabant. Molecular modeling analysis revealed an important role of the binding of the cyano group with the CB1 binding pocket.
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PMID:Analogs of JHU75528, a PET ligand for imaging of cerebral cannabinoid receptors (CB1): development of ligands with optimized lipophilicity and binding affinity. 1851 Nov 57

Overactivity of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been linked to abdominal obesity and other risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Conversely, administration of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) antagonists reduces adiposity in obese animals and humans. This effect is only in part secondary to the anorectic action of CB1 agonists. In order to assess the actions of CB1 antagonism on glucose homeostasis, diet-induced obese (DIO) rats received the CB1 antagonist rimonabant (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)) or its vehicle for 4 weeks, or were pair-fed to the rimonabant-treated group for the same length of time. Rimonabant treatment transiently reduced food intake, while inducing body weight loss throughout the study. Rats receiving rimonabant had significantly less body fat and circulating leptin compared to both vehicle and pair-fed groups. Rimonabant, but not pair-feeding, also significantly decreased circulating nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) and triacylglycerol (TG) levels, and reduced TG content in oxidative skeletal muscle. Although no effects were observed during a glucose tolerance test (GTT), rimonabant restored insulin sensitivity to that of chow-fed, lean controls during an insulin tolerance test (ITT). Conversely, a single dose of rimonabant to DIO rats had no acute effect on insulin sensitivity. These findings suggest that in diet-induced obesity, chronic CB1 antagonism causes weight loss and improves insulin sensitivity by diverting lipids from storage toward utilization. These effects are independent of the anorectic action of the drug.
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PMID:Food intake-independent effects of CB1 antagonism on glucose and lipid metabolism. 1932 39

Endocannabinoids released by postsynaptic neurons inhibit neurotransmitter release from presynaptic axon terminals. One typical stimulus of endocannabinoid production is an increase of calcium concentration in postsynaptic neurons. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether depolarizing GABAergic synaptic input, by increasing calcium concentration in postsynaptic neurons, can trigger endocannabinoid production. Spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) were recorded in Purkinje cells in mouse cerebellar slices with patch-clamp pipettes containing 151 mM chloride (a usual recording mode). sIPSCs were depolarizing inward currents under this condition. Combined electrophysiological and fluorometric calcium imaging experiments indicated that sIPSCs frequently triggered calcium spikes. After the calcium spikes, a short-term suppression of sIPSCs occurred. This suppression was prevented by the CB(1) cannabinoid receptor antagonist rimonabant and the diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor orlistat, but not changed by URB597, an inhibitor of anandamide degradation. It is, therefore, likely that CB(1) receptors and 2-arachidonoylglycerol were involved. For testing the physiological significance of the above observation, we carried out experiments on brains of 3- to 5-day-old mice. The gramicidin-induced perforated patch-clamp mode was used for preserving the physiological intracellular chloride concentration of the neurons. Depolarizing GABAergic sIPSCs occurred under this condition, but at a very low rate. Rimonabant did not change the frequency of these sIPSCs, arguing against the persistence of an endocannabinoid tone. The results point to a new kind of trigger of endocannabinoid production: depolarizing GABAergic synaptic input can elicit endocannabinoid production in postsynaptic neurons by activating calcium channels. The produced endocannabinoid suppresses GABA release from presynaptic axon terminals.
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PMID:Depolarizing GABAergic synaptic input triggers endocannabinoid-mediated retrograde synaptic signaling. 1934 61

In our previous studies, CB(1) cannabinoid receptor agonists stimulated production of cyclic GMP and translocation of nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive guanylyl cyclase in neuronal cells (Jones et al., Neuropharmacology 54:23-30, 2008). The purpose of these studies was to elucidate the signal transduction of cannabinoid-mediated neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) activation in neuronal cells. Cannabinoid agonists CP55940 (2-[(1S,2R,5S)-5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexyl]-5-(2-methyloctan-2-yl)phenol), WIN55212-2 (R(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-[(morpholinyl)methyl]pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl)methanone mesylate), and the metabolically stable analog of anandamide, (R)-(+)-methanandamide stimulated NO production in N18TG2 cells over a 20-min period. Rimonabant (N-(piperidin-lyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide), a CB(1) receptor antagonist, partially or completely curtailed cannabinoid-mediated NO production. Inhibition of NOS activity (N ( G )-nitro-L: -arginine) or signaling via Gi/o protein (pertussis toxin) significantly limited NO production by cannabinoid agonists. Ca(2+) mobilization was not detected in N18TG2 cells after cannabinoid treatment using Fluo-4 AM fluorescence. Cannabinoid-mediated NO production was attributed to nNOS activation since endothelial NOS and inducible NOS protein and mRNA were not detected in N18TG2 cells. Bands of 160 and 155 kDa were detected on Western blot analysis of cytosolic and membrane fractions of N18TG2 cells, using a nNOS antibody. Chronic treatment of N18TG2 cells with cannabinoid agonists downregulated nNOS protein and mRNA as detected using Western blot analysis and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Cannabinoid agonists stimulated NO production via signaling through CB(1) receptors, leading to activation of Gi/o protein and enhanced nNOS activity. The findings of these studies provide information related to cannabinoid-mediated NO signal transduction in neuronal cells, which has important implications in the ongoing elucidation of the endocannabinoid system in the nervous system.
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PMID:Cannabinoid regulation of nitric oxide synthase I (nNOS) in neuronal cells. 1936 34

We investigated whether rimonabant, a type 1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist, reduces visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in dogs maintained on a hypercaloric high-fat diet (HHFD). To determine whether energy expenditure contributed to body weight changes, we also calculated resting metabolic rate. Twenty male dogs received either rimonabant (1.25 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), orally; n = 11) or placebo (n = 9) for 16 wk, concomitant with a HHFD. VAT, SAT, and nonfat tissue were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Resting metabolic rate was assessed by indirect calorimetry. By week 16 of treatment, rimonabant dogs lost 2.5% of their body weight (P = 0.029), whereas in placebo dogs body weight increased by 6.2% (P < 0.001). Rimonabant reduced food intake (P = 0.027), concomitant with a reduction of SAT by 19.5% (P < 0.001). In contrast with the VAT increase with placebo (P < 0.01), VAT did not change with rimonabant. Nonfat tissue remained unchanged in both groups. Body weight loss was not associated with either resting metabolic rate (r(2) = 0.24; P = 0.154) or food intake (r(2) = 0.24; P = 0.166). In conclusion, rimonabant reduced body weight together with a reduction in abdominal fat, mainly because of SAT loss. Body weight changes were not associated with either resting metabolic rate or food intake. The findings provide evidence of a peripheral effect of rimonabant to reduce adiposity and body weight, possibly through a direct effect on adipose tissue.
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PMID:Rimonabant prevents additional accumulation of visceral and subcutaneous fat during high-fat feeding in dogs. 1936 74

Rimonabant (SR141716), a highly selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist, exerts along with its anti-obesity action, pleiotropic functions affecting a broad range of diseases, from obesity-related co-morbidities to drug dependence and cancer. Several studies suggested an anti-tumour activity of rimonabant in several in vitro and in vivo models. In this study, we compared the anti-proliferative effect of SR141716 in the human colon cancer cell line DLD-1 with oxaliplatin, one of the cytotoxic drugs currently used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. We show that SR141716 inhibits DLD-1 cell proliferation similarly to oxaliplatin and if administered in combination SR141716 potentiated the inhibitory effect caused by oxaliplatin. Assessment of drug interaction was performed calculating combination index that showed a strong synergistic effect between the two drugs added to cells in combination. Our findings suggest that the combined synergic effect of SR141716 and oxaliplatin improves the blocking of colon cancer cell proliferation. Therefore, this combination merits further explorations in preclinical and clinical settings.
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PMID:Synergistic inhibition of human colon cancer cell growth by the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist rimonabant and oxaliplatin. 1995 78

OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy and safety of rimonabant, a selective cannabinoid receptor type-1 antagonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin monotherapy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Patients (n = 368; A1C > or =7%) were randomized to 20 mg/day rimonabant or placebo in this 48-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial. Change in baseline A1C to week 48 (primary outcome) and changes in body weight, waist circumference, and lipid levels (secondary outcomes) were assessed. RESULTS Rimonabant significantly reduced baseline A1C versus placebo (-0.89 vs. -0.24%; P < 0.0001), and significantly greater improvements were observed in cardiometabolic risk factors. More rimonabant patients achieved >10% reduction in mean total daily insulin dose versus placebo (P = 0.0012), and fewer required rescue medication (P < 0.0001). Hypoglycemia, nausea, dizziness, anxiety, and depression were more frequent with rimonabant. CONCLUSIONS Rimonabant improved glycemic control and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin.
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PMID:Effect of rimonabant on glycemic control in insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: the ARPEGGIO trial. 2000 90

Within the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, two neuronal subpopulations play particularly important roles in energy balance; neurones expressing neuropeptide Y (NPY), agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and GABA are orexigenic, whereas neurones expressing pro-opiomelanocortin and CART are anorexigenic. The pivotal role of these neuropeptides in energy homeostasis is well-known, although GABA may also be an important signal because targeted knockout of the GABA transporter in NPY/AgRP/GABA neurones results in a lean, obesity-resistant phenotype. In the present study, we describe an in vitro model of K(+)-evoked GABA release from the hypothalamus and determine the effects of cannabinoid receptor activation. K(+)-evoked GABA release was sensitive to leptin, insulin and PYY(3-36), indicating that GABA was released by arcuate NPY/AgRP/GABA neurones. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 inhibited K(+)-evoked GABA release. This was prevented by the CB1 receptor inverse agonist rimonabant. Rimonabant had no effect when applied alone. In the absence of TTX, however, the opposite effects were observed: WIN 55,212-2 had no effect while rimonabant inhibited GABA release. This indicates that GABA release can involve an indirect, TTX-sensitive mechanism. The most parsimonious explanation for the inhibition of GABA release by a CB receptor inverse agonist is via the disinhibition of an cannabinoid-sensitive inhibitory input onto GABAergic neurones. One local source of an inhibitory neurotransmitter is the opioidergic arcuate neurones. In our in vitro model, K(+)-evoked GABA release was inhibited by the endogenous opioid peptide beta-endorphin in a naloxone-sensitive manner. The inhibitory effect of rimonabant was also prevented by naloxone and a kappa-opioid receptor selective antagonist, suggesting that GABA release from arcuate NPY/AgRP/GABA neurones can be inhibited by endogenous opioid peptides, and that the release of opioid peptides is sensitive to cannabinoids.
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PMID:Direct and indirect effects of cannabinoids on in vitro GABA release in the rat arcuate nucleus. 2023 27


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