Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20645 (mannose-6-phosphate receptor)
 320 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Biosynthesis of myeloperoxidase (MPO), a myeloid lysosomal hemoprotein critical for the optimal oxygen-dependent microbicidal activity of human neutrophils, is incompletely understood. The primary translation product undergoes cotranslational N-linked glycosylation with subsequent insertion of the Fe-containing prosthetic group into the peptide backbone, thereby converting the enzymatically inactive, heme-free apoproMPO into the peroxidatively active precursor, proMPO. Eventually, proMPO undergoes proteolytic processing into native, lysosomal MPO, with subunits of 59 and 13.5 Kd. We studied three unanswered questions regarding MPO biosynthesis: (1) At what point during MPO biosynthesis is the heme moiety inserted into the apoenzyme? (2) What consequences does heme-insertion have on subsequent processing events? (3) What role does the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR) system play in the delivery of MPO to the lysosome? Disruption of Golgi by brefeldin A (BFA) produced two major changes in MPO biosynthesis: (1) processing of the 89-Kd precursor to mature MPO was blocked and (2) constitutive secretion of the MPO precursor was inhibited. Inhibition of heme synthesis with succinyl acetone (SA) reduced peroxidase activity and profoundly blocked processing of proMPO to mature MPO. This inhibition of processing was not a generalized effect on all lysosomal enzymes, because the maturation of a non-heme-containing lysosomal enzyme, beta-glucuronidase, was not altered. Electron microscopy showed that, although the normal peroxidase staining of endoplasmic reticulum was absent in SA-treated cells, there were MPO-related peptides in the ER. The role of the M6PR system was assessed by immunoprecipitating fractions obtained from M6PR affinity column chromatography. The 89-Kd proMPO failed to adhere to the M6PR affinity column, whereas the 59-Kd heavy subunit of mature MPO was specifically eluted from the column. We interpret these data to indicate that: (1) processing of proMPO to mature MPO occurs in a post-ER compartment that is itself BFA-sensitive or is distal to a BFA-sensitive compartment and (2) heme insertion into apoproMPO precedes and may be a prerequisite for proteolytic processing to enzymatically active mature MPO. Our analysis of the M6PR system in MPO biosynthesis led to the unanticipated finding that there were phosphomannosyl residues on mature MPO, but none on proMPO. We suggest that the bulk of proMPO at any time is not phosphorylated, but, when generated, the phosphorylated proMPO is quickly processed to the phosphorylated 59-Kd subunit of mature MPO. Thus, if the M6PR is important in the intracellular transport of MPO, it is the phosphorylated mature MPO that is directed to the lysosomal compartment by this system.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Roles of heme insertion and the mannose-6-phosphate receptor in processing of the human myeloid lysosomal enzyme, myeloperoxidase. 133 78

Electron microscopic approaches have been used to study the endocytic pathways from the apical and basolateral surface domains of the polarized epithelial cell, MDCK strain I, grown on polycarbonate filters. The cells were incubated at 37 degrees C in the presence of two distinguishable markers administered separately to the apical or the basolateral domain. Initially each marker was visualized within distinct apical or basolateral peripheral endosomes. However, after 15 min at 37 degrees C, both markers were observed within common perinuclear structures. The compartment in which meeting first occurred was shown to be a late endosome (prelysosome) that labeled extensively with antibodies against the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (MPR) on cryosections. With increasing incubation times, markers passed from these MPR-positive structures into a common set of MPR-negative lysosomes that were mainly located in the apical half of the cell. A detailed quantitative analysis of the endocytic pathways was carried out using stereological techniques in conjunction with horseradish peroxidase and acid phosphatase cytochemistry. This enabled us to estimate the absolute volumes and membrane surface areas of the endocytic organelles involved in apical and basolateral endocytosis.
 ...
PMID:Meeting of the apical and basolateral endocytic pathways of the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell in late endosomes. 255 51

The translocation of a unique facilitative glucose transporter isoform (GLUT4) from an intracellular site to the plasma membrane accounts for the large insulin-dependent increase in glucose transport observed in muscle and adipose tissue. The intracellular location of GLUT4 in the basal state and the pathway by which it reaches the cell surface upon insulin stimulation are unclear. Here, we have examined the colocalization of GLUT4 with the transferrin receptor, a protein which is known to recycle through the endosomal system. Using an anti-GLUT4 monoclonal antibody we immunoisolated a vesicular fraction from an intracellular membrane fraction of 3T3-L1 adipocytes that contained > 90% of the immunoreactive GLUT4 found in this fraction, but only 40% of the transferrin receptor (TfR). These results suggest only a limited degree of colocalization of these proteins. Using a technique to cross-link and render insoluble ("ablate') intracellular compartments containing the TfR by means of a transferrin-horseradish peroxidase conjugate (Tf-HRP), we further examined the relationship between the endosomal recycling pathway and the intracellular compartment containing GLUT4 in these cells. Incubation of non-stimulated cells with Tf-HRP for 3 h at 37 degrees C resulted in quantitative ablation of the intracellular TfR, GLUT1 and mannose-6-phosphate receptor and a shift in the density of Rab5-positive membranes. In contrast, only 40% of intracellular GLUT4 was ablated under the same conditions. Ablation was specific for the endosomal system as there was no significant ablation of either TGN38 or lgp120, which are markers for the trans Golgi reticulum and lysosomes respectively. Subcellular fractionation analysis revealed that most of the ablated pools of GLUT4 and TfR were found in the intracellular membrane fraction. The extent of ablation of GLUT4 from the intracellular fraction was unchanged in cells which were insulin-stimulated prior to ablation, whereas GLUT1 exhibited increased ablation in insulin-stimulated cells. Pretreatment of adipocytes with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of Type-I and -IIa phosphatases, increased GLUT4 ablation in the presence of insulin, consistent with okadaic acid increasing the internalization of GLUT4 from the plasma membrane under these conditions. Using a combination of subcellular fractionation, vesicle immunoadsorption and compartment ablation using the Tf-HRP conjugate we have been able to resolve overlapping but distinct intracellular distributions of the TfR and GLUT4 in adipocytes. At least three separate compartments were identified: TfR-positive/GLUT4-negative. TfR-negative/GLUT4-positive, and TfR-positive/GLUT4-positive, as defined by the relative abundance of these two markers. We propose that the TfR-negative/GLUT4-positive compartment, which contains approximately 60% of the intracellular GLUT4, represents a specialized intracellular compartment that is withdrawn from the endosomal system. The biosynthesis and characteristics of this compartment may be fundamental to the unique insulin regulation of GLUT4.
 ...
PMID:Compartment ablation analysis of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter (GLUT4) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. 861 19

To investigate the role of filamentous actin in the endocytic pathway, we used the cell-permeant drug Jasplakinolide (JAS) to polymerize actin in intact polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. The uptake and accumulation of the fluid-phase markers fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were followed in JAS-treated or untreated cells with confocal fluorescence microscopy, biochemical assays, and electron microscopy. Pretreatment with JAS increased the uptake and accumulation of fluid-phase markers in MDCK cells. JAS increased endocytosis in a polarized manner, with a marked effect on fluid-phase uptake from the basolateral surface but not from the apical surface of polarized MDCK cells. The early uptake of FITC-dextran and HRP was increased more than twofold in JAS-treated cells. At later times, FITC-dextran and HRP accumulated in clustered endosomes in the basal and middle regions of JAS-treated cells. The large accumulated endosomes were similar to late endosomes but they were not colabeled for other late endosome markers, such as rab7 or mannose-6-phosphate receptor. JAS altered transport in the endocytic pathway at a later stage than the microtubule-dependent step affected by nocodazole. JAS also had a notable effect on cell morphology, inducing membrane bunching at the apical pole of MDCK cells. Although other studies have implicated actin in endocytosis at the apical cell surface, our results provide novel evidence that filamentous actin is also involved in the endocytosis of fluid-phase markers from the basolateral membrane of polarized cells.
 ...
PMID:Fluid-phase markers in the basolateral endocytic pathway accumulate in response to the actin assembly-promoting drug Jasplakinolide. 952 91