Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The role of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the heart conduction system is unclear. In the present study, the distribution of CGRP in relation to that of substance P (SP) was examined in the bovine conduction system using immunohistochemical methods. Varicose nerve fibres showing CGRP-like immunoreactivity (LI) were frequently observed in the nerve fascicles, some of these fibres often also showing SP-LI. A few fibres exhibiting CGRP-LI were also observed in the intrinsic ganglia. In blood vessel walls and particularly in the conduction tissue, i.e., in association with the nodal cells and the Purkinje fibres, there were only a few varicose fibres showing both CGRP- and SP-LI, whilst there was a large number of varicose fibres showing only SP-LI. The observations show that the main morphologic correlate for the occurrence of CGRP-effects in the bovine conduction system is varicose nerve fibres located in the nerve fascicles. The observations also suggest that CGRP has effects at the intrinsic ganglia and that SP predominates over CGRP in the innervation of blood vessel walls and the conduction tissue.
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PMID:Distribution of calcitonin gene-related peptide-like immunoreactivity in the bovine conduction system: correlation with substance P. 752 20

Quantitative measurements of relative nerve density were achieved using computer-assisted image analysis of immunohistochemically and histochemically defined nerves in the conduction system of the guinea pig heart. All regions of the conduction system possessed a similar density of nerve fibres and fascicles displaying immunoreactivity for the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), and this was 3 to 4-fold higher than in the adjacent myocardium. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) positive and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive nerves were the main subtypes identified in the sinus and atrioventricular nodes, representing 40-45% of the stained area occupied by PGP 9.5-immunoreactive nerves. AChE-positive nerves were the dominant subtype identified in the left and right bundle branches, but were equal in proportion to TH-immunoreactive nerves in the penetrating bundle. Neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves represented the main peptide-containing subpopulation in the nodal tissues, displaying a similar pattern of distribution and relative density to those nerves demonstrating TH immunoreactivity. Substance P and calcitonin gene-related polypeptide immunoreactive nerves were present throughout the conduction system and represented the main peptide-containing subpopulation in the ventricular conduction tissues. Nerve fibres showing immunoreactivity for either somatostatin or vasoactive intestinal polypeptide exhibited distinct patterns of distribution and comprised a relatively minor component of the innervation. The innervation of the guinea pig conduction tissues thus exhibits a uniform distribution and it comprises putative parasympathetic nerves and intrinsic neurons (AChE positive), sympathetic efferent nerves (NPY and TH-immunoreactive nerves) as well as other peptide-containing nerves, some of which (substance P and calcitonin gene-related polypeptide) are considered to represent afferent nerves. The distribution and density of nerve subpopulations in the guinea pig conduction system differ from those observed in the human conduction system, which suggests that the guinea pig may be an inappropriate model for comparative functional studies.
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PMID:A quantitative study of nerve distribution in the conduction system of the guinea pig heart. 862 40

The viral transneuronal labeling method was used to localize sympathetic-related neurons in the preoptic region following pseudorabies virus (PRV) injections into either the superior cervical ganglion, stellate ganglion, celiac ganglion, or adrenal gland of rats. A general pattern of infection was detected. First, neuronal labeling was found in the medial preoptic area, medial preoptic nucleus, median preoptic nucleus, and lateral preoptic area, and then it spread to the anteroventral periventricular, anteroventral preoptic, and parastrial nuclei. Finally, the forebrain circumventricular organs: organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) and subfornical organ (SFO) became infected. Neuropeptide-containing preoptic neurons were analyzed following PRV injections in the stellate ganglion. Some thyrotropin-releasing hormone and neurotensin neurons were labeled, but none of the calcitonin gene-related peptide, cholecystokinin, corticotropin-releasing factor, galanin, luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone, enkephalin, substance P, or tyrosine hydroxylase neurons were PRV infected. Two major sympathetic networks appear to be represented in the preoptic region. One is linked to the OVLT, SFO, and anteroventral third ventricular (AV3V) region, sites previously implicated in fluid and electrolyte balance as well as cardiovascular control. The other descending sympathetic pathway appears to target the medial preoptic nucleus as its key nodal point, receiving inputs from infralimbic cortex and limbic regions, such as the lateral septum, medial nucleus of the amygdala, subiculum, and amygdalohippocampal area, and then, projecting caudally to the hypothalamus and brainstem. This second sympathetic network may subserve affiliative, defensive and sexual behaviors.
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PMID:Sympathetic-related neurons in the preoptic region of the rat identified by viral transneuronal labeling. 1051 2

The mouse heart is a popular model to study the function and autonomic control of the specialized cardiac conduction system (CCS). However, the precise identity and anatomical distribution of the intrinsic cardiac nerves that modulate the function of the mouse CCS have not been adequately studied. We aimed at determining the organization and distribution of the intrinsic cardiac nerves that supply the CCS of the mouse. In whole mouse heart preparations, intrinsic neural structures were revealed by histochemical staining for acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Adrenergic, cholinergic and peptidergic neural components were identified, respectively, by immunohistochemical labeling for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). Myocytes of the CCS were identified by immunolabeling of hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotide-gated potassium channel 4 (HCN4). In addition, the presence of CCS myocytes in atypical locations was verified using fluorescent immunohistochemistry performed on routine paraffin sections. The results demonstrate that four microscopic epicardial nerves orientated toward the sinuatrial nodal (SAN) region derive from both the dorsal right atrial and right ventral nerve subplexuses. The atrioventricular nodal (AVN) region is typically supplied by a single intrinsic nerve derived from the left dorsal nerve subplexus at the posterior interatrial groove. SAN myocytes positive for HCN4 were widely distributed both on the medial, anterior, lateral and even posterior sides of the root of the right cranial (superior caval) vein. The distribution of HCN4-positive myocytes in the AVN region was also wider than previously considered. HCN4-positive cells and thin slivers of the AVN extended to the roots of the ascending aorta, posteriorly to the orifice of the coronary sinus, and even along both atrioventricular rings. Notwithstanding the fact that cholinergic nerve fibers and axons clearly predominate in the mouse CCS, adrenergic nerve fibers and axons are abundant therein as well. Altogether, these results provide new insight into the anatomical basis of the neural control of the mouse CCS.
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PMID:Neuroanatomy of the murine cardiac conduction system: a combined stereomicroscopic and fluorescence immunohistochemical study. 2340 21


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