Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Double-labelling immunofluorescence was used to investigate the coexistence of the catecholamine-synthesising enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and several neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, Leu5-enkephalin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P in nerve fibres supplying the vas deferens in juvenile and adult pigs. The study has revealed three major populations of nerve terminals innervating the organ: (1) noradrenergic fibres; (2) non-noradrenergic (putative cholinergic) fibres containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin, supplying almost exclusively the lamina propria; and (3) non-noradrenergic, presumably sensory fibres, containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. The population of noradrenergic nerves can be divided into three subpopulations: a somatostatin-containing, a Leu5-enkephalin-containing and a subpopulation immunonegative to the peptides investigated, in descending order of magnitude. Coexistence patterns of the substances existing within nerve fibres supplying the vas deferens blood vessels are clearly different from those found in nerve fibres innervating the organ wall. The majority of the noradrenergic fibres associated with blood vessels contain neuropeptide Y only, while non-noradrenergic perivascular nerves contain predominantly vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The possibility of different sources of origin of the particular nerve fibre subpopulations supplying the porcine vas deferens and its blood vessels is discussed.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical characteristics of nerve fibres supplying the porcine vas deferens. A colocalisation study. 910 94

The possible involvement of enzymatic degradation in the inactivation of enkephalins in the spinal cord of neonatal rats was investigated electrophysiologically and biochemically. In an isolated spinal cord-saphenous nerve preparation, electrical stimulation of the saphenous nerve evoked a slow depolarization lasting 20-30 s of the ipsilateral L3 ventral root. This slow depolarization was depressed by a mixture of peptidase inhibitors, consisting of actinonin (10 microM), thiorphan (0.6 microM), bestatin (10 microM), arphamenine B (10 microM) and captopril (10 microM). Naloxone (0.5 microM) not only reversed this effect of the mixture of peptidase inhibitors but also potentiated the slow depolarization beyond the pre-control level. In an isolated spinal cord preparation, electrical stimulation of a lumbar dorsal root evoked a slow depolarization of the contralateral ventral root of the same segment. This slow depolarization was depressed by application of [Met5]enkephalin in a dose dependent manner. This effect of [Met5]enkephalin was markedly potentiated by addition of the mixture of peptidase inhibitors. Among the five peptidase inhibitors, actinonin, thiorphan or bestatin alone potentiated the depressant effect of [Met5]enkephalin, whereas arphamenine B and captopril did not. Membrane fractions prepared from neonatal rat spinal cords showed degrading activities for [Met5]- and [Leu5]enkephalins and these activities were inhibited by the mixture of peptidase inhibitors. Among the five peptidase inhibitors, actinonin and thiorphan markedly inhibited the [Met5]enkephalin-degrading activity while bestatin was less effective. Arphamenine B and captopril were ineffective. The present results suggest that enzymatic degradation by peptidases plays a role in the termination of the transmitter action of enkephalins in the neonatal rat spinal cord. The present results, together with our previous results on the enzymatic degradation of tachykinins in a study in which we used the same preparations, suggest that similar but distinct combinations of peptidases are involved in the inactivation of enkephalin and tachykinin neurotransmitters.
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PMID:Enzymatic inactivation of enkephalin neurotransmitters in the spinal cord of the neonatal rat. 923 74

The purpose of the current study was to assess neuropeptidergic alterations during a phase of the drug addiction cycle associated with drug craving as compared to a time period when the drug had been recently self-administered. Male Wistar rats were allowed to self-administer cocaine, heroin or saline for 6 h for 5 consecutive days. Immediately following the last self-administration session ('acute drug on board' state), and just before the next scheduled session ('drug expecting' state), the animals were decapitated and the levels of dynorphin A and B, [Met5]- and [Leu5]-enkephalin and substance P were measured in different brain areas. During the 'acute drug on board' state, peptide levels in animals that self-administered heroin or cocaine were not significantly changed. In contrast, during the 'drug expecting' state, heroin-treated animals had increased levels of dynorphin A, dynorphin B and [Met5]-enkephalin in the caudal striatum as compared to the cocaine- and saline-treated animals, and the level of [Leu5]-enkephalin was increased as compared to the cocaine-treated group. In the septum, an increase of [Met5]-enkephalin and substance P was observed in the animals expecting heroin as compared to the saline- and/or cocaine-treated animals. In the caudal striatum, substance P levels were elevated in the heroin- and cocaine-expecting animals. In conclusion, heroin, as compared to cocaine, appears to have a more pronounced effect on dynorphin, enkephalin and substance P levels in the caudal striatum and septum, especially during periods when self-administration of the drug is expected.
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PMID:A heroin-, but not a cocaine-expecting, self-administration state preferentially alters endogenous brain peptides. 998

The occurrence and colocalization of several biologically active neuropeptides, catecholamine-, acetylcholine- or nitric oxide-synthesizing enzymes-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (D beta H), choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS I), respectively, as well as the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) were investigated in the penile glans (GP), corpus and crura (CP), as well as in the retractor penis muscle (RPM) of juvenile and adult boars. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nerves immunoreactive (IR) to TH, D beta H, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and somatostatin (SOM) were the most numerous, followed (in decreasing order of density) by nerves IR to NOS, neuropeptide Y (NPY), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), galanin (GAL), Leu5-enkephalin (LENK) and ChAT/VAChT. The CP contained the largest number of nerve fibres followed by the RPM, GP and corpus. Enzyme/peptide-containing nerves were associated with both the vascular and non-vascular penile structures. However, differences existed for their density and intrapenile distribution. Nerve terminals IR for different combinations of VIP, GAL or SOM were more frequent than those IR for NOS or CGRP in the non-vascular penile structures while the vasculature and the RPM received a prominent TH/D beta H-, VIP-, SOM- or NOS-IR nerve input. The present data indicate that the porcine penis receives nerve fibres that exhibit diverse chemical codes and that differences in the chemical coding of the nerve fibres may depend on their penile target-structure.
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PMID:Innervation of the fibro-elastic type of the penis: an immunohistochemical study in the male pig. 1009 43

Immunohistochemical studies have been performed to investigate the occurrence and coexistence of two catecholamine-synthesising enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and several neuropeptides, including neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, Leu5-enkephalin, somatostatin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, in nerve fibres supplying porcine accessory genital glands, the seminal vesicles, prostate (body and the disseminated part) and bulbourethral glands. Three major populations of nerve fibres supplying non-vascular elements of the glands have been distinguished (from the largest to the smallest one): (1) noradrenergic fibres, the majority of which contain Leu5-enkephalin, neuropeptide Y or, to a lesser extent, somatostatin, (2) non-noradrenergic, putative cholinergic fibres containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, neuropeptide Y and/or somatostatin and, (3) nonnoradrenergic, presumably sensory fibres, containing calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. Whilst the coexistence patterns within nerves supplying particular glands are similar, the density of innervation varies between the organs. The innervation of the seminal vesicles and prostatic body is more developed than that of the disseminated part of the prostate and bulbourethral glands. The majority of noradrenergic fibres related to blood vessels contain neuropeptide Y only, while the non-noradrenergic nerves contain mainly vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The possible function and origin of particular nerve fibre populations are discussed.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical properties of nerve fibres supplying accessory male genital glands in the pig. A colocalisation study. 1009 18

The present study was designed to investigate and to compare the chemical coding of nerve fibres supplying major populations of neurons in the caudal mesenteric (CaMG) and anterior pelvic (APG) ganglion in juvenile male pigs (n=5) using double-labelling immunofluorescence. The co-existence patterns of some biologically active substances including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) as well as vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), Leu5-enkephalin (LENK) and serotonin (5-HT) were analysed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Profound differences in the neurochemical features of the nerve terminals between the ganglia were observed. Moreover, there were also distinct differences in the chemical coding of nerve fibres associated with the particular populations and subpopulations of neurons within the ganglia. In both ganglia, nearly all adrenergic and cholinergic neurons were supplied with VAChT-positive nerve fibres (putative preganglionic fibres). However, in the CaMG, they were more numerous and, in contrast to the APG, many of them also stained for VIP. In the APG, a great number of nerve terminals expressed immunoreactivity to SP and CGRP (putative collaterals of sensory neurons). Interestingly, they densely supplied almost exclusively adrenergic neurons. SP-positive nerve fibres were moderate in number in the CaMG, but, in addition to VAChT-IR nerve terminals, the most numerous populations of nerve fibres in this ganglion were those expressing highly colocalized immunoreactivities to CGRP and LENK, and those which stained for 5-HT (putative processes of enteric neurons). However, these fibres supplied almost exclusively larger, intensely stained for TH and clustered adrenergic neurons. This diversity of the nerve terminals reflects the complexity of nerve circuits involved in the innervation of structures supplied by neurons in the porcine CaMG and APG. It also demonstrates the importance of nerve inputs for the proper function of autonomic neurons and thus their target tissues.
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PMID:Differences in the chemical coding of nerve fibres supplying major populations of neurons between the caudal mesenteric ganglion and anterior pelvic ganglion in the male pig. 1467 59

This study presents the distribution and chemical coding of neurons in the porcine intramural ganglia of the urinary bladder trigone (IG-UBT) demonstrated using combined retrograde tracing and double-labelling immunohistochemistry. Retrograde fluorescent tracer Fast Blue (FB) was injected into the wall of both the left and right side of the bladder trigone during laparotomy performed under pentobarbital anaesthesia. Ten-microm-thick cryostat sections were processed for double-labelling immunofluorescence with antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH), neuropeptide Y (NPY), somatostatin (SOM), galanin (GAL), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), Leu5-enkephalin (LENK) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). IG-UBT neurons formed characteristic clusters (from a few to tens neuronal cells) found under visceral peritoneum or in the outer muscular layer. Immunohistochemistry revealed four main populations of IG-UBT neurons: SOM- (ca. 35%), SP- (ca. 32%), ChAT- and NPY- immunoreactive (-IR) (ca. 23%) as well as non-adrenergic non-cholinergic nerve cells (ca. 6%). This study has demonstrated a relatively large population of differently coded IG-UBT neurons, which constitute an important element of the complex neuro-endocrine system involved in the regulation of the porcine urogenital organ function.
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PMID:Distribution and chemical coding of neurons in intramural ganglia of the porcine urinary bladder trigone. 1504 94

Combined retrograde tracing (using fluorescent tracer Fast blue) and double-labelling immunofluorescence were used to study the distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons projecting to the trapezius muscle in mature male rats (n = 9). As revealed by retrograde tracing, Fast blue-positive (FB+) neurons were located within the ambiguous nucleus and accessory nucleus of the grey matter of the spinal cord. Immunohistochemistry revealed that nearly all the neurons were cholinergic in nature [choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive]. Retrogradely labelled neurons displayed also immunoreactivities to calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; approximately 60% of FB+ neurons), nitric oxide synthase (NOS; 50%), substance P (SP; 35%), Leu5-Enkephalin (LEnk; 10%) and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP; 5%). The analysis of double-stained tissue sections revealed that all CGRP-, VIP- and LEnk-immunoreactive FB+ perikarya were simultaneously ChAT-positive. The vast majority of the neurons expressing SP- or NOS-immunoreactivity were also cholinergic in nature; however, solitary somata were ChAT-negative. FB+ perikarya were surrounded by numerous varicose nerve fibres (often forming basket-like structures) immunoreactive to LEnk or SP. They were also associated with some CGRP-, NOS- and neuropeptide Y-positive nerve terminals.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical properties of motoneurons supplying the trapezius muscle in the rat. 2172 2


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