Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to investigate, if transient spinal ischemia and a period of 4-day reperfusion will change the distribution pattern of substance P in the spinal cord of rabbits. Strongly enhanced staining of substance P positive nerve structures appeared in the superficial dorsal horn (laminae I, II), the Lissauer's tract, the pericentral region (lamina X), and in the areas of autonomic nuclei (sympathetic-intermediolateral--IML nucleus and parasympathetic-sacral parasympathetic nucleus--SPN) in the control group. Transient spinal ischemia was produced by occlusion of the abdominal aorta just below the left renal artery. Neuropathology of the lesion 4 days after transient ischemia was characterized by selective necrosis of gray matter in the central part of dorsal horn and medial portions of anterior gray matter. Areas with the most dense accumulation of substance P positive structures stayed almost intact. Therefore, no significant change in the distribution pattern of substance P was found in the spinal cord of animals with ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury.
Gen Physiol Biophys 1999 Dec
PMID:The influence of transient spinal ischemia on substance P positive nerve structures. 1070 43

Mechanism of acetylcholine (ACh)-induced dilatation was investigated in isolated perfused rat kidney. Under a constant flow of 8-10 ml/min, ACh (0.001-3 microg/0.1 ml) caused a dose-dependent decrease in perfusion pressure raised by submaximum concentration of phenylephrine (PE). ACh-induced dilatations were inhibited by atropine (10(-6) mol/l), hexamethonium (10(-4) mol/l), indomethacin (10(-5) mol/l), methylene blue (10(-5) mol/l), N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG, 10(-4) mol/l), tetrodotoxin (TTX, 10(-6) mol/l), capsaicin (10(-6) mol/l), and glibenclamide (10(-5) mol/l). These results suggest that in the isolated perfused rat kidney, endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), nitric oxide (NO), and tachykinin neuromediators may play a role in ACh-induced dilatation via stimulation of guanylate cyclase and opening of ATP-sensitive potassium channels.
Gen Pharmacol 2000 Mar
PMID:Factors responsible for acetylcholine-induced dilatation in the isolated perfused rat kidney. 1112 Mar 79

The ontogeny of the neurohormonal peptides vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), neurotensin (NT), substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), gastrin/cholecystokinin (GAS/CCK), and somatostatin (SOM) as well as serotonin (SER) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was investigated in the gastrointestinal tract of the urodele Ambystoma mexicanum, the axolotl, using immunohistochemical techniques. The first regulatory substances to appear were SP, SOM, and SER that could be immunohistochemically detected up from stage 1. At early stage 2, VIP immunoreactivity was observed infrequently in enteric nerve fibers. With the onset of external feeding at late stage 2, SP-immunoreactive (IR) and SER-IR endocrine cells and VIP-IR nerve fibers were present throughout the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, in the small intestine NT-IR and GAS/CCK-IR endocrine cells appeared. At stage 3, SER immunoreactivity was observed not only in endocrine cells but also in nerve fibers. CGRP-IR and SP-IR nerve fibers were detectable at stage 4 and stage 5, respectively. From stage 5 on, a minority of the CGRP immunoreactivity occurred in SP-IR nerve fibers. NOS immunoreactivity did not appear before stage 6 when it was found infrequently in nerve fibers. Thus, several phases of development can be distinguished: (1) at the yolk sac stages only few regulatory substances are present. (2) At the onset of external feeding, all endocrine cell types investigated were readily detectable. Thus, the onset of external feeding seems to trigger the development of the gastrointestinal endocrine system. (3) The endocrine cells are first found in the proximal part of the gastrointestinal tract and later in higher numbers in the distal parts. (4) The dually distributed neurohormonal peptides and SER first appear in endocrine cells and later additionally in nerve fibers. Thus, the nerve fibers likely set up the fine regulation of gastrointestinal blood flow and motility.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2001 Jan
PMID:Ontogeny of neurohormonal peptides, serotonin, and nitric oxide synthase in the gastrointestinal neuroendocrine system of the axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum): an immunohistochemical analysis. 1116 72

A peptide with mammalian substance P (SP)-like immunoreactivity was isolated from an extract of the spiral intestine of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. The primary structure of this peptide was established as Lys-Pro-Arg-Pro-Asp-Glu-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met . NH2, showing 64% identity with mammalian SP. In isolated preparations of lungfish foregut circular muscle, lungfish SP produced a slow, long-lasting tonic contraction, with a pD2 value of 8.19. Lungfish midgut circular muscle preparations responded to lungfish SP rapidly and in a more complex manner. There was an increase in the frequency of spontaneous activity (pD2 = 8.76), associated with diminished amplitude of the spontaneous contractions (pD2 = 9.24), also coupled in some preparations with a tonic contraction (pD2 = 8.43). The response patterns of foregut and midgut circular muscle to acetylcholine (ACh) were very similar to those seen to lungfish SP. Lungfish SP and ACh, however, had very weak effects on both foregut and midgut longitudinal muscle. These data demonstrate that lungfish SP may be a physiologically important regulator of gastrointestinal motility in Neoceratodus. This study further confirmed that the structures of SP-related peptides have been strongly conserved under the pressure of vertebrate evolution, particularly in preserving the functionally important sequence, Phe-Xaa-Gly-Leu-Met . amide, at the C-terminus. The sequence of lungfish SP is identical to that of bufokinin, a SP-related peptide previously isolated from the intestine of the cane toad, Bufo marinus, supporting the hypothesis that lungfishes and amphibians share a common ancestor.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2002 Jan
PMID:Purification, characterization, and biological activity of a substance P-related peptide from the gut of the Australian lungfish, Neoceratodus forsteri. 1182 39

Changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration control many essential cellular functions like the contraction of smooth muscle cells. The aim of this study was to investigate if the tachykinin substance P (SP) engages external Ca(2+)-sources, internal Ca(2+)-sources, or both in the contraction of the gastrointestinal smooth muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis). Strip preparations made of either longitudinal smooth muscle of proximal intestine or circular smooth muscle of cardiac stomach were mounted in organ baths and the tension was recorded via force transducers. Ca(2+)-free Ringer's solution containing the Ca(2+) chelating agent EGTA (2mM) abolished all spontaneous contractions. Exposure to SP in Ca(2+)-free solution decreased the response. Preparations were also treated with the Ca(2+)-ATPase inhibitor thapsigargin (10 microM) during 30 min. Thapsigargin reduced the effect of SP on intestinal longitudinal smooth muscle in rainbow trout and on stomach circular smooth muscle in the African clawed frog and to a less extent in the intestinal longitudinal smooth muscle. The results show that external Ca(2+) is of great importance, but is not the only source of Ca(2+) recruitment in SP-activation of gastrointestinal smooth muscle in rainbow trout and the African clawed frog.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003 Apr
PMID:Ca2+-recruitment in tachykinin-induced contractions of gut smooth muscle from African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis and rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. 1267 95

The occurrence of substance P (SP) immunoreactivity was investigated in the adrenal gland of the lizard Podarcis sicula by ABC immunocytochemical technique: SP-immunoreactivity was present in both adrenaline and noradrenaline cells, in ganglion cells and nerve fibers in the connective capsule surrounding the gland. The involvement of substance P in the modulation of pituitary-interrenal axis was studied in vivo by intraperitoneal injections of SP. The effects were estimated by means of the morphological and morphometrical features of the tissues, as well as the plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone and catecholamines, adrenaline and noradrenaline. Substance P (0.07 mg/100 g body wt) decreased ACTH plasma levels and raised corticosterone release from steroidogenic tissue, that showed clear signs of stimulation. In the chromaffin tissue, the decrease in the number of noradrenaline cells, and the increase in the number of adrenaline cells, lowered numeric noradrenaline/adrenaline cell ratio. Moreover, an increase in adrenaline plasma level and a decrease in noradrenaline plasma level were found. The results suggest that (1) also in Reptiles as in other Vertebrates, SP may affect pituitary-adrenal axis activity, and (2) the chromaffin cells may be involved in the paracrine control of steroidogenic activity.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2003 Dec
PMID:Immunocytochemical localization of substance P in the adrenal gland of Podarcis sicula (Reptilia, Lacertidae): evidence for its involvement in the modulation of adrenal activity. 1463 29

The genomes of extant vertebrates have been shaped by a series of whole genome and individual gene duplication events. The 2R hypothesis, which postulates that two whole genome duplications occurred in relatively rapid succession very early in chordate evolution, is gaining increasing acceptance. A further entire genome duplication is believed to have occurred in the ancestral fish lineage approximately 320-350 Myr ago, as well as more recent independent tetraploidization events, mostly but not exclusively, in particular teleost and amphibian lineages. Superimposed upon these whole genome duplications are tandem or segmental duplications of individual genes or groups of genes that have taken place at different rates in the various vertebrate lineages. The majority of duplicated genes become pseudogenes or are deleted but some may evolve to encode components with new functional roles. Genes encoding members of neuropeptide Y- and tachykinin-families are associated with the HOX-bearing chromosomes and these systems provide examples of duplication events that have led to rapid evolution of the duplicated gene which has occasionally produced peptides, such as pancreatic polypeptide, seminalplasmin and hemokinin-1, with new biological functions.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2005 May 15
PMID:The evolution of neuroendocrine peptides. 1586 48

The BRSV fusion (F) protein is cleaved at two furin consensus sequence sites, resulting in the generation of disulphide-linked F1 and F2 subunits and the release of an intervening peptide of 27 amino acids (pep27), which is converted into a biologically active tachykinin (virokinin). The role of the virokinin and the importance of one of the furin cleavage sites, FCS-2 [RA(R/K)R109], in the pathogenesis of BRSV infection and in the subsequent development of immunity was studied in gnotobiotic calves infected with a recombinant BRSV (rBRSV) lacking pep27 (rBRSVdelta p27) or with rBRSV108/109, which contains two amino acid substitutions in FCS-2 (RANN109). Although replication of the mutant viruses and the parental wild-type (WT) rBRSV in the lungs was similar, the extent of gross and microscopic lesions induced by the mutant viruses was less than that induced by WT rBRSV. Furthermore, the numbers of eosinophils in the lungs of calves infected with the mutant viruses were significantly less than that in calves infected with WT virus. These observations suggest a role for the virokinin in the pathogenesis of BRSV infection. Following mucosal immunization with rBRSVdelta p27, the levels of BRSV-specific serum antibodies were similar to those induced by WT virus. In contrast, the level of neutralizing antibodies induced by rBRSV108/109 was 10-fold lower than that induced by WT virus. Nevertheless, resistance to BRSV challenge induced by the mutant and WT viruses was similar, suggesting that neither pep27 nor FCS-2 plays a major role in the induction of protective immunity.
J Gen Virol 2006 Jun
PMID:Bovine respiratory syncytial virus lacking the virokinin or with a mutation in furin cleavage site RA(R/K)R109 induces less pulmonary inflammation without impeding the induction of protective immunity in calves. 1669 Sep 31

The American lobster Homarus americanus is a decapod crustacean with both high economic and scientific importance. To facilitate physiological investigations of peptide transmitter/hormone function in this species, we have used matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (MALDI-FTMS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (nanoLC-ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS) to elucidate the peptidome present in its nervous system and neuroendocrine organs. In total, 84 peptides were identified, including 27 previously known H. americanus peptides (e.g., VYRKPPFNGSIFamide [Val(1)-SIFamide]), 23 peptides characterized previously from other decapods, but new to the American lobster (e.g., pQTFQYSRGWTNamide [Arg(7)-corazonin]), and 34 new peptides de novo sequenced/detected for the first time in this study. Of particular note are a novel B-type allatostatin (TNWNKFQGSWamide) and several novel FMRFamide-related peptides, including an unsulfated analog of sulfakinin (GGGEYDDYGHLRFamide), two myosuppressins (QDLDHVFLRFamide and pQDLDHVFLRFamide), and a collection of short neuropeptide F isoforms (e.g., DTSTPALRLRFamide and FEPSLRLRFamide). Our data also include the first detection of multiple tachykinin-related peptides in a non-brachyuran decapod, as well as the identification of potential individual-specific variants of orcokinin and orcomyotropin-related peptide. Taken collectively, our results not only expand greatly the number of known H. americanus neuropeptides, but also provide a framework for future studies on the physiological roles played by these molecules in this commercially and scientifically important species.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008 Apr 01
PMID:Mass spectral characterization of peptide transmitters/hormones in the nervous system and neuroendocrine organs of the American lobster Homarus americanus. 1830 51

The development of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for crustacean cDNA libraries and their deposition in publicly accessible databases has generated a rich resource for peptide discovery in this commercially and ecologically important arthropod subphylum. Here, we have conducted in silico searches of these databases for unannotated ESTs encoding putative neuropeptide precursors using the BLAST program tblastn, and have predicted the mature forms of the peptides encoded by them. The primary strategy used was to query the database with known decapod prepro-hormone sequences or, in some instances, insect precursor protein sequences. For neuropeptides for which no prepro-hormones are known, the peptides themselves were used as queries. For those peptides expected to originate from a common precursor, the individual sequences were combined, with each peptide flanked by a dibasic processing site and, if amidated, a glycine residue. Using these approaches, 13 unannotated ESTs encoding putative neuropeptide precursors were found. For example, using the first strategy, putative Marsupenaeus japonicus prepro-hormones encoding B-type allatostatins, neuropeptide F (NPF), and orcokinins were identified. Similarly, several Homarus americanus ESTs encoding putative orcokinin precursors were found. In addition to the decapod prepro-hormones, ESTs putatively encoding a NPF isoform and a red pigment concentrating hormone-like peptide were identified from the cladoceran Daphnia magna, as was one EST putatively encoding multiple tachykinin-related peptides from the isopod Eurydice pulchra. Using the second strategy, we identified a Carcinus maenas EST encoding HIGSLYRamide, a peptide recently discovered via mass spectrometry from Cancer productus. Using mass spectral methods we confirmed that this peptide is also present in Carcinus maenas. Collectively over 50 novel crustacean peptides were predicted from the identified ESTs, providing a strong foundation for future investigations of the evolution, regulation and function of these and related molecules in this arthropod taxon.
Gen Comp Endocrinol 2008 Apr 01
PMID:Identification of putative crustacean neuropeptides using in silico analyses of publicly accessible expressed sequence tags. 1832 3


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>