Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The compartmental organization of the thalamostriatal connection in the cat was studied by labelling thalamic fibers in anterograde axonal transport experiments and comparing their striatal distributions with the arrangement of striosomes and matrix tissue identified by histochemical staining methods. When analyzed according to their principal compartmental targets in dorsal striatum, the thalamic deposits indicated the existence of medial and lateral divisions within the thalamostriatal projection. Nuclei of the medial division, which includes parts of the thalamic midline, projected primarily to striosomes. The lateral division, which embraces the anterior and posterior intralaminar groups, the rostral ventral tier nuclei, and parts of the posterior lateral nuclear complex, predominantly innervated matrix tissue. In the dorsal division of the nucleus accumbens, the medial system preferentially terminated in zones that stain heavily in butyrylcholinesterase and substance P preparations, but fibers from both the medial and the lateral systems largely avoided the histochemically marked compartments such as the border islands of the nucleus accumbens that are seen elsewhere in the ventral striatum. Medial division: Thalamic deposits involving the paraventricular and rhomboid nuclei of the thalamic midline elicited labelling of striosomes and, invariably, ventral extrastriosomal matrix, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala. This projection was topographically organized: rostral thalamic deposits elicited labelling in the medial caudate nucleus and the medial nucleus accumbens. More caudal injections produced more lateral labelling. Lateral division: The lateral division is composed of at least three projection systems distinguished by their patterns of matrix innervation. Deposits involving the anterior intralaminar nuclei and the striatally projecting cells located lateral to the stria medullaris (anterior intralaminar complex) produced an even, diffuse labelling of the matrix tissue and weak labelling of the striosomes. Injections placed in the ventroanterior, ventrolateral, and ventromedial nuclei (rostral ventral complex) elicited fibrous labelling of matrix tissue that often showed nonstriosomal inhomogeneities. Deposits involving the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei (posterior intralaminar complex) produced a highly variable pattern of matrix labelling that included both homogeneous and decidedly patchy innervations of the extrastriosomal matrix. Each of these lateral thalamostriatal systems showed a similar spatial organization, whereby dorsoventral and mediolateral thalamic axes were roughly preserved in the projection to striatum.
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PMID:Compartmental organization of the thalamostriatal connection in the cat. 171 43

Adult monkey sensorimotor cortex consists of several structurally and functionally distinct areas. The developmental sequence through which the characteristic architectonic features and the borders of these areas become resolved was examined in a series of fetal, postnatal and adult monkeys by using Nissl staining, cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, and immunocytochemistry for GABA and the neuropeptides somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, substance P and cholecystokinin. At the youngest fetal age examined (E110), the pre- and postcentral gyri possess six clearly delineated cellular layers; populations of GABA- and neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells can be identified, but their somatic sensory cortex at E110 lacks areal cytoarchitectonic parcellation. Despite the apparent homogeneity in the cytoarchitecture of the somatic sensory cortex, incipient areal borders are revealed by staining for cytochrome oxidase and acetylcholinesterase activity, and by staining immunocytochemically for several neuropeptides. The motor cortex at E110 differs from that in adults by the presence of a prominent layer IV; a clear cytoarchitectonic border between areas 3a and 4 is detectable at E110, which is also revealed by chemoarchitectonic markers. With increasing age, the characteristic architectonic features gradually emerge and areal cytoarchitectonic borders appear, becoming adult-like by early postnatal ages. The gradual changes in cytoarchitecture are paralleled by redistributions of GABA- and neuropeptide-immunoreactive cells and fiber plexuses. The data demonstrate that the progressive refinement in cytoarchitectonic features and in the distributions of neurotransmitter- and peptide-containing cells occurs primarily during the latter third of gestation. The major changes are temporally coincident with the ingrowth of afferent axonal systems, suggesting that the establishment of connectivity may be capable of modulating finer details of structural or molecular phenotype, particularly intra-areal cytoarchitectonic features and neurotransmitter or peptide expression.
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PMID:The emergence of architectonic field structure and areal borders in developing monkey sensorimotor cortex. 171 47

The subnuclear and synaptic distribution of substance P immunoreactivity was examined in the rat interpeduncular nucleus at the light and electron microscope level. The nucleus possessed a prominent substance P-immunoreactive axonal plexus in the lateral and dorsomedial subnuclei, and in the dorsal cap of the rostral subnucleus. The density of substance P-immunoreactive axons in the remaining subnuclear divisions was sparse to moderate. Terminals of immunoreactive axons contained spherical vesicles and formed asymmetric contacts on dendritic processes exclusively. Immunoreactive neurons, restricted to the rostral subnucleus, possessed long, sparsely branched dendrites. Unlabelled terminals containing either spherical or pleomorphic vesicles contacted substance P-immunoreactive dendritic profiles. Axodendritic and axosomatic synapses containing substance P immunoreactivity pre- and postsynaptically were not observed. Ultrastructural evidence for synaptic relationships between substance P-containing profiles and those containing either choline acetyltransferase or glutamate decarboxylase was obtained by means of double antigen immunohistochemistry. Terminals of fasciculus retroflexus axons stained for choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity formed asymmetric synaptic contacts with substance P-immunoreactive dendritic profiles. Few substance P-positive dendrites in the rostral subnucleus received terminals possessing glutamate decarboxylase activity. Unlabelled terminals containing either spherical or pleomorphic vesicles contacted substance P- and glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive dendritic profiles simultaneously. Terminals possessing either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase immunoreactivity formed synaptic contacts with dendritic processes of neurons in the lateral subnucleus. Many of the neurons within this subnuclear division contained glutamate decarboxylase. This study provides direct evidence of synaptic relationships between choline acetyltransferase-immunoreactive axons and substance P-immunoreactive dendritic profiles, and between substance P-positive axons and glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive dendrites. These findings reveal that two types of transmitter-specific axons of the fasciculus retroflexus innervate neuronal populations of the interpeduncular nucleus stained immunohistochemically for either substance P or glutamate decarboxylase.
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PMID:Substance P immunoreactivity in the rat interpeduncular nucleus: synaptic interactions between substance P-positive profiles and choline acetyltransferase- or glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive structures. 172 Feb 26

Motor neurons which innervate the circular muscle layer of the guinea-pig small intestine were retrogradely labelled, in vitro, with the carbocyanine dye, DiI, applied to the deep muscular plexus. By combining retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry, the chemical coding of motor neurons was investigated. Five classes of neuron could be distinguished on the basis of the co-localization of immunoreactivity for the different antigens; the five classes were also characterized by different lengths and polarities of their axonal projections and by their cell body shapes. Two classes with local or orally directed axons were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase and substance P and are likely to be cholinergic excitatory motor neurons. Two other classes had anally directed axons; they were immunoreactive for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and are likely to be inhibitory motor neurons. A small proportion of neurons with short projections to the circular muscle were immunoreactive for neither substance P nor for vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, but are likely to be cholinergic. The morphological and histochemical identification of excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons provides a neuroanatomical basis for the final motor pathways involved in the polarized reflex motor activity of the gut.
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PMID:Identification and immunohistochemistry of cholinergic and non-cholinergic circular muscle motor neurons in the guinea-pig small intestine. 172 Feb 29

Axonal tracing techniques were used in combination with immunohistochemistry to examine the distribution of neuropeptides in afferent pathways from the uterine cervix of the cat. Primary afferent neurons innervating the uterine cervix were identified by axonal transport of the dye, fast blue, injected into the cervix. Fifteen to twenty-five days after the injection, dorsal root ganglia (L1-S3) were removed and incubated for 48-72 h in culture medium containing colchicine to increase the levels of peptides. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cholecystokinin (CCK), leucine-enkephalin (LENK), somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intenstinal polypeptide (VIP) were identified by use of indirect immunohistochemical techniques. Eighty-four percent of uterine cervix afferent neurons were identified in the sacral dorsal root ganglia (S1-S3), and 16% in the middle lumbar dorsal root ganglia (L3-L4). In sacral dorsal root ganglia, VIP was present in the highest percentage of dye-labeled cells (71%), CGRP in 42%, and substance P in 18% of the cells. CCK and LENK were present in 13% of the cells. In lumbar dorsal root ganglia, CGRP (51%) was most prominent peptide followed by VIP (34%), substance P (28%), LENK (17%) and CCK (13%). Somatostatin was present in the ganglia but did not occur in dye-labeled neurons. In conclusion, the uterine cervix of the cat receives a prominent VIP- and CGRP-containing afferent innervation. The percentage of neurons containing VIP is three to five times higher than the percentage of these neurons in afferent pathways to other pelvic organs. These observations coupled with the results of physiological studies suggest that VIP is an important transmitter in afferent pathways from the cervix.
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PMID:A large proportion of afferent neurons innervating the uterine cervix of the cat contain VIP and other neuropeptides. 172 Oct 5

In our previous work using immunocytochemical method combined with tract tracing techniques a new subdivision was described in the striatum of the rat. This "marginal division" is more densely filled with substance P, enkephalin and dynorphin B terminals than the rest of the striatum. In the present study, the synaptic organization of the substance P immunoreactive (SPIR) terminals in the marginal division of the rat striatum was studied using electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry for substance P (SP). Four major types of SPIR synapses were identified in the marginal division: axodendritic, axospinous, axo-axonal, and compound synapses. Axodendritic and axospinous synapses, in which the postsynaptic targets were small or large dendrites or spines, were the most common. A few axo-axonic synapses were observed as were several subtypes of compound synapses with more than two synaptic components. SPIR axon terminals formed the presynaptic components of all these synaptic types, but in one case an unlabeled bouton was observed making a synaptic connection onto a SPIR dendrite. Both symmetric and asymmetric SPIR synapses were observed in the marginal division. The vesicles in the SPIR presynaptic boutons were mostly pleomorphic although a few of them were round. The existence of asymmetric synapses, round synaptic vesicles and small postsynaptic dendrites distinguishes the ultrastructure of the marginal division from that of the other parts of the striatum. The complex characteristics of the synaptic organization in the marginal division implies that the SPIR terminals in the marginal division originate from a different source than those in the rest of the striatum. The complexity of the synaptic organization further suggests that the function of the marginal division is different from that of the rest of the striatum.
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PMID:Ultrastructural characteristics of substance P-immunoreactive terminals in marginal division of rat striatum. 172 49

Synovial capsule in cats is extensively innervated by a network with axonal diameter ranging from 0.6-3 microns according to its position and neuropeptide content. Nerve markers such as Neuron Specific Enolase (NSE) and Neurofilament triplet protein (NF) could be observed only when the axonal fibre attained a critical diameter of over the 3 microns limit. The relatively thick fibres (1-3 microns) show positive immunoreactivity for Substance P (SP), 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), and Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP), and seldom coreact with NSE and NF, whereas, the thinnest fibres (0.6-0.8 microns) characterized to contain either Methionine or Leucine Enkephalin (M-Enk, L-Enk) did not coreact positively with axonal markers. We found that different anesthetics may effect variably the immunoreactivity of some neuropeptides (SP, L-Enk, 5-HT) while others (VIP, M-Enk) remained unaffected. Based on our data and the few reported ones in the pertinent literature, it is judged that urethane is the anesthetic of choice in experimental studies of neuropeptides. Our findings of isolated positive immunoreactive cell bodies to enkephalin in synovia might suggest the presence of intrinsic relay system, where the enkephalin acts as suppressor of SP and VIP release from the sunovium nerve terminals. Such a local inter-relationship between different neuropeptide systems might have a practical role on the understanding of the pathogenesis of different arthritic processes as well as therapeutic strategy in the future.
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PMID:The distribution of peptide-containing nerves in the synovia of the cat knee joint. 172 38

Mustard oil, which stimulates small diameter afferents, was used to evoke the expression of the oncogene c-fos in the lumbar spinal cord. C-fos-like immunoreactivity was concentrated in, but not limited to, neuronal nuclei of laminae I and II of the lumbar dorsal horn. Double-label immunocytochemistry was used to determine if neurons which expressed c-fos-like immunoreactivity received axonal input from enkephalin-, substance P- or serotonin-immunoreactive neurons. The analysis of vibratome and semithin plastic-embedded tissue sections demonstrated that the majority of c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons received input from enkephalin-, substance P- or serotonin-immunoreactive axonal varicosities.
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PMID:Enkephalin, substance P, and serotonin axonal input to c-fos-like immunoreactive neurons of the rat spinal cord. 172 20

Previous work from this laboratory has provided biochemical characterization of several posttranslational processing intermediates of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) in central nervous system (CNS) tissues, including the COOH-terminal glycine-extended dodecapeptide Arg-Pro-Lys-Pro-Gln-Gln-Phe-Phe-Gly-Leu-Met-Gly (SP-G). SP-G is a major species of unprocessed SP found in rodent CNS tissues, and is the likely immediate precursor form of SP in the biosynthetic scheme. Here we present extensive characterization of the normal regional distribution of SP-G, as compared to SP, throughout the rat CNS via coordinated biochemical and morphological analyses. By radioimmunoassay (RIA), an approximate 10-fold variation in regional levels of SP-G-like immunoreactivity (SP-G-LI) was observed, ranging from 0.30 pmol/g in the amygdala, to 6.49 pmol/g in the medulla. On a normalized basis, the regional variation of unamidated precursor relative to mature peptide (SP-G-LI/SP-LI molar ratio) ranged from 0.30% in the amygdala to 5.15% in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Overall, the highest SP-G-LI/SP-LI ratios were found in DRG, medulla, and spinal cord, i.e. CNS areas associated with primary sensory afferent innervation via capsaicin-sensitive unmyelinated small diameter fibers. In addition, chromatographic and RIA analyses of extracted brain tissues indicated that the quantified immunoreactivities corresponding to SP, SP-G, as well as an additional COOH-terminal Gly-Lys-extended precursor, i.e., SP-G-K, displayed very similar chromatographic behavior as demonstrated for chemically authentic standards. These biochemical data were complemented by immunohistochemical analyses demonstrating a pattern of immunohistochemical staining for the presence of SP-G-LI as a defined subset of SP-LI-containing neural elements. Here, reaction product was localized to dendritic, axonal, and terminal neuronal elements in representative CNS regions of the rat, with relatively high levels of SP-G-LI found within anatomical areas containing a high density of sensory terminal structures. In an attempt to provide correlative functional anatomy, a group of rats was treated with colchicine, in order to differentially localize SP-LI- and SP-G-LI-containing somata after inhibition of axoplasmic transport. Most prominently, colchicine administration engendered immunohistochemical visualization of both SP-LI- and SP-G-LI-positive cells in mesencephalic and brainstem regions associated with stress, pain responses, and central control of autonomic function. Within this context, the coordinate expression of both SP-LI- and of SP-G-LI-positive somata in discrete brain areas is probably indicative of high ongoing rates of tachykinin synthesis coupled to utilization.
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PMID:Biochemical characterization and anatomical distribution of a major form of unamidated precursor of substance P in rat brain. 172 13

With the aid of indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry and sequence specific antibodies a possible localization of cholecystokinin (CCK) peptide in spinal motoneurons has been analyzed. To increase peptide levels, the sciatic nerve was ligated, and the area around the ligation was studied 24 hours later. For comparison, antisera raised against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P were employed. With CCK specific antisera (directed to the N-terminal portion of CCK-8 or the midportion of CCK-33) accumulation of peptide-like immunoreactivity (LI) was observed in large, dilated axonal swellings proximal to, but at some distance from, the ligature. Such accumulations were also observed with C-terminally directed CCK antiserum, but in addition numerous axons of smaller diameter extending up to the ligation contained this type of immunoreactivity. The latter antiserum is thought to cross-react with CGRP. In fact, this staining pattern was indistinguishable from the one seen after incubation with CGRP antiserum. In contrast substance P-LI could not be seen in the larger dilated axons but only in large numbers of thinner fibers close to the ligation. Double staining experiments revealed that the large dilations contained both CGRP- and CCK-specific LI. Distal to the ligation CGRP- and substance P- but no specific CCK-LI could be observed. The present findings support the view that CCK mRNA in spinal motoneurons is translated into CCK peptide, at least after axotomy, and that the peptide is transported into the motoneuron axon. However, compared to CGRP the CCK levels are presumably low, and the functional role of CCK peptide in motoneurons remains to be established.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study of cholecystokinin peptide in rat spinal motoneurons. 172 45


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