Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UNIPROT:P20366 (substance P)
 21,176 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The subepicardial atrial ganglia of rat hearts were examined using immunohistochemical techniques and antibodies against the catecholamine-synthetic enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), and the neuropeptides substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and met-5-enkephalin (ENK). Some of the ganglion cells present in the ganglia exhibited DBH-like immunoreactivity (LI) and NPY-LI, whilst these cells never exhibited TH-, VIP-, CGRP-, SP- or ENK-LI. Groups of small cells exhibiting an intense TH-LI, corresponding to cells referred to as catecholamine-containing cells and sometimes small intensely fluorescent cells in the literature, were observed in the ganglia. A subpopulation of these cells exhibited immunoreactivity to one of the neuropeptides tested, namelyu SP. Only a few of the cells showing TH-LI displayed DBH-LI. Nerve fibres showing SP-, CGRP-, DBH- and TH-LI were present in the ganglia; some of these fibres being closely associated with the ganglion cells or with the cells showing TH-LI. The observation provide new information on the catecholamine-synthetic enzyme/neuropeptide expression of the ganglion and catecholamine-containing cells and of the associated nerve fibres of rat heart subepicardial ganglia.
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PMID:Catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes and neuropeptides in rat heart epicardial ganglia; an immunohistochemical study. 170 94

Anatomical and pharmacological evidence suggests a role for substance P (SP) in the control of vasopressin secretion, but the origins of SP-immunoreactive (IR) projections to the paraventricular (PVH) and supraoptic (SO) nuclei of the hypothalamus have not yet been identified. Combined axonal transport, immunohistochemical, and ablation approaches were used to characterize the organization of SP-IR projections to the PVH. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) SP-IR projections are broadly and prominently distributed throughout the SO and both the magnocellular and parvicellular divisions of the PVH. The distribution within the PVH is quite uniform. (2) Combined retrograde transport-immunohistochemical analyses identified multiple potential sources of SP-IR inputs to the PVH. These included a number of hypothalamic cell groups, the laterodorsal and peduculopontine tegmental nuclei, and the rostral and caudal aspects of the ventrolateral medulla. Portions of the tegmental and medullary SP-IR neurons that were retrogradely labelled following tracer deposits in the PVH also stained positively for choline acetyltransferase or tyrosine hydroxylase, respectively. (3) To evaluate the distribution and prominence of medullary SP-IR projections to the PVH and SO, staining for SP and catecholamine-synthesizing enzymes was carried out in animals that had previously received knife cuts at the level of the pontomedullary border. Pronounced, and roughly parallel decrements in staining for peptide and amines were seen in the magnocellular division of the PVH and in the SO; less marked reductions in SP-IR varicosities are in a position to influence multiple visceral regulatory cell types in the PVH and SO. Inputs to the magnocellular neurosecretory system arise in large measure from medullary neurons in which SP coexists with catecholamines. SP-IR projections to the parvicellular division of the PVH appear to originate from a number of sources.
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PMID:Distribution and origins of substance P-immunoreactive projections to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei: partial overlap with ascending catecholaminergic projections. 170 81

The innervation of normal and rheumatoid human synovium was studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. Antibodies against the general neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and specific neuropeptides were used. We observed sensory nerves containing substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) as well as autonomic sympathetic fibers immunoreactive for neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), its C terminal peptide (C-PON) and the catecholamine synthesizing enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Three subpopulations of nerve fibers labelled with SP and CGRP were identified: some stained for SP or CGRP only and others contained both peptides. NPY/C-PON and TH labelled predominantly perivascular nerves. Quantification of immunostained nerves revealed a significantly decreased innervation of rheumatoid synovia. The densities of both PGP 9.5 and neuropeptide containing nerves were lower in all rheumatoid samples. Our results are compatible with a local release of neuropeptides into joint fluid and point to a disturbed neuronal control of rheumatoid synovial tissue.
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PMID:Peptide containing nerves in human synovium: immunohistochemical evidence for decreased innervation in rheumatoid arthritis. 170 60

The ultimobranchial gland is an endocrine organ consisting of C cell groups. In chickens, the glands are richly supplied by nerve fibers immunoreactive for neurofilaments. It was found by immunocytochemical staining that C cells of chick ultimobranchial glands showed immunoreactivities for multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in addition to calcitonin, i.e., calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), somatostatin, neurotensin, chromogranin A, and tyrosine hydroxylase. Furthermore, enkephalin-immunoreactive cells that showed long cytoplasmic processes and large cell bodies, being distinct from the C cell feature, were detected. The densities of these cells per unit area of ultimobranchial gland were assessed using computer-assisted image analysis system; calcitonin cells were 42.9 +/- 10.0%; CGRP cells 26.9 +/- 5.6%; neurotensin cells 8.6 +/- 6.9%; somatostatin cells 3.1 +/- 1.4%; chromogranin A cells 11.8 +/- 1.8%; tyrosine hydroxylase cells 10.0 +/- 5.2%; enkephalin cells 2.9 +/- 1.3%. Dense distributions of peptidergic nerve fibers were also detected in chick ultimobranchial glands. Numerous varicose fibers immunoreactive for substance P were distributed in the close vicinity to C cell clusters and blood vessels. Enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers were also prominent around C cell clusters. Galanin-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were distributed around blood vessels only. Subsequently, the ontogeny of these neuropeptides, neuroendocrine proteins, and peptidergic innervations was examined in chickens at various developmental stages. In 10-day-old embryos, weak to moderately intense immunoreactivity for calcitonin was already present in almost all C cells. Immunoreactivities for somatostatin, CGRP, and tyrosine hydroxylase began to appear at this age. At 12 days of incubation, substance P-immunoreactive fibers were first detected in the parenchyma of ultimobranchial glands. Considerable numbers of enkephalin-immunoreactive fibers and cells were also observed. At 14 days of incubation, the largest populations of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were attained; the densities of somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells per unit area were 21.2 +/- 3.2% and 12.9 +/- 3.1%, respectively. Substance P-immunoreactive fibers became numerous throughout the gland at this age. Thereafter, calcitonin-, CGRP-, tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive cells progressively increased in number with embryonic age, whereas somatostatin- and enkephalin-immunoreactive cells started to decrease. Chromogranin A- and neurotensin-immunoreactive cells began to appear at 16 days and 18 days of incubation, respectively. Galanin-, VIP-, and tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive fibers were inconspicuous during embryonic life.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical localization and development of multiple kinds of neuropeptides and neuroendocrine proteins in the chick ultimobranchial gland. 170 88

Grafts of fetal ventral mesencephalon including substantia nigra have been used to correct some motor deficits produced by unilateral destruction of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway in rats. Histochemical studies have shown that dopaminergic neurons within the graft send processes from the graft to the host neuropil, wherein they form synapses. The results of numerous immunocytochemical studies indicate, however, that a large proportion of neurons in grafts are not catecholaminergic. Whether or not the nondopaminergic neurons in grafts project to the host brain is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to combine immunocytochemistry and retrograde tracing with fluorogold to identify the cell types which project from grafts to the host striatum. Tissue from the ventral mesencephalon of E15 fetuses was placed into the 6-hydroxydopamine denervated striatum of graft recipients. Six weeks to 6 months following transplantation, fluorogold was pressure injected under stereotaxic control immediately adjacent to the ventral mesencephalic grafts; after 4 days CNS tissue was prepared for light microscopic immunocytochemistry. Ventral mesencephalic grafts contained cell bodies immunoreactive for enkephalin, GAD, substance P, and serotonin in addition to those immunoreactive for tyrosine hydroxylase. Some cells of each immunochemically defined type were retrogradely labeled by the fluorogold injection into the host brain. Nevertheless, more catecholaminergic and serotonergic cells projected from grafts to the fluorogold injection site than did other cell types. Since many of the nonmonoaminergic neurons in grafts are probably projection neurons, our results suggest that the extent of neurite outgrowth from grafted cells is influenced by the surrounding target tissue.
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PMID:Specific outgrowth from neurons of ventral mesencephalic grafts to the catecholamine-depleted striatum of adult hosts. 171 May 72

The ganglionated plexus of the guinea pig pancreas was investigated by using histochemical, immunocytochemical, and tract-tracing methods in order to determine whether pancreatic ganglia are analogous to the ganglia of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Three lines of evidence suggest that the ganglia of the pancreas appear to be interconnected with one another, as are enteric ganglia. First, microinjections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro-Gold into individual pancreatic ganglia labeled the perikarya of neurons in distant pancreatic ganglia, whereas no labeling of neurons was observed if injections were placed in the connective tissue adjacent to pancreatic ganglia. Second, when the intercalating dye DiI was microinjected into single pancreatic ganglia in fixed tissues, DiI-labeled terminals were found in additional pancreatic ganglia. Finally, microinjections of the beta subunit of cholera toxin into individual pancreatic ganglia yielded similar results. The ganglionated plexus of the pancreas also expresses a diversity of transmitter content and cell type-specific localization of monoamine oxidase (MAO) that is analogous to the ENS. In common with guinea pig enteric ganglia, pancreatic ganglia contain highly varicose 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive axons and intrinsic neuropeptide Y (NPY)- and substance P (SP)-immunoreactive neurons. The vast majority, but not all, of SP-immunoreactive fibers in the pancreatic parenchyma also contain calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity. MAO-B was the primary type of MAO found in the intrinsic elements of the pancreas where it was located in neurons and fibers in the pancreatic parenchyma. In common with serotoninergic enteric neurons, MAO-B immunoreactivity was not found at the LM level in pancreatic serotoninergic neurites. In contrast, NPY- and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive perivascular axons were found to contain abundant MAO-A, but no MAO-B immunoreactivity. It is concluded that MAO-B immunoreactivity is characteristic of a portion of the intrinsic innervation of the pancreas, whereas MAO-A immunoreactivity is a marker for the extrinsic sympathetic innervation of the pancreas. Because of its receipt of a direct neural innervation from myenteric ganglia of the bowel (Kirchgessner and Gershon, '90: J. Neurosci 10:1626-1642), similar connections, transmitter content and localization of type-specific MAO, the ganglionated plexus of the pancreas should be regarded as an extension or subset of the ENS.
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PMID:Guinea pig pancreatic ganglia: projections, transmitter content, and the type-specific localization of monoamine oxidase. 171 Jun 27

Evidence for survival and growth of fetal substantia nigra grafts in host striatum and partial reversal of behavioural and biochemical deficits in the host animal is well documented. Afferent synaptic connections arising from the graft and contacting host structures have also been reported; however, the properties of the neurons receiving this input is less clear. The purpose of this study was to determine if substance P-containing neostriatal neurons receive a dopaminergic input from nigral grafts. Fetal substantia nigra cell suspensions were stereotaxically implanted in the deafferented neostriatum of Wistar rats 2 weeks after a unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion in the ipsilateral substantia nigra or medial forebrain bundle. The ultrastructural features of the graft-host synaptic interactions were analysed by employing an electron microscope immunocytochemical double-labeling technique. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and substance P-immunoreactive structures were simultaneously demonstrated by means of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method using two different chromogens with distinct reaction products easily differentiated at the light and electron microscope levels. TH-immunoreactive sites were first demonstrated using 3,3'-diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB); then substance P immunoreactivity was localized using benzidine dihydrochloride (BDHC). TH-immunoreactive terminals of axons originating from the graft made synaptic contacts with substance P-positive cell bodies and dendrites from the host. These results indicate that at least partial restoration of the normal nigrostriatal circuitry can be achieved following nigral grafts. The demonstration of specific synaptic input on host substance P neurons provides an anatomical basis for direct functional modulation of the deafferented host neostriatum by the nigral graft.
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PMID:Dopaminergic innervation of substance P-containing striatal neurons by fetal nigral grafts: an ultrastructural double-labeling immunocytochemical study. 171 23

The catecholamine selective neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine, was injected into the ventral mesencephalon of rats and the distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the striatum was compared to that of substance P and calbindin immunoreactivities, recognized histochemical markers of striatal compartments. Two components of the TH-IR mesostriatal innervation were identified. A more vulnerable component, present in the core of the nucleus accumbens and matrix of the caudate-putamen, excepting its ventrolateral part, was eliminated rapidly, unmasking a less vulnerable component which was present primarily in the shell of the nucleus accumbens and patch(striosome) compartment of the caudate-putamen. The TH-IR innervation in the ventrolateral caudate-putamen also was patchy following these lesions but the patches corresponded consistently to neither patch nor matrix compartments.
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PMID:Compartments in rat dorsal and ventral striatum revealed following injection of 6-hydroxydopamine into the ventral mesencephalon. 171 11

Immunoreactivity for the neurofilament protein triplet was investigated in neurons of the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig by using a battery of antibodies. In unfixed tissue, nearly all neurons in these ganglia demonstrated some degree of neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity. Large neurons generally displayed intense immunoreactivity, whereas most small to medium-sized neurons showed faint to moderate immunoreactivity. Double-labelling immunofluorescence demonstrated that most antibodies to the individual subunits of the neurofilament protein triplet had the same distribution and intensity of labelling in sensory neurons. Increasing durations of tissue fixation in aldehyde solutions selectively diminished neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity in small to medium-sized neurons. Double-labelling with neurofilament protein triplet antibodies in combination with antibodies to other neuronal markers, such as neuron-specific enolase, substance P and tyrosine hydroxylase, showed that tissue processing conditions affect the degree of co-localization of immunoreactivity to the neurofilament protein triplet and to these other neuronal markers. These results indicate that, with a judicious manipulation of the duration of tissue fixation, neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity can be used in combination with other neuronal markers to distinguish groups of neurons according to their size and chemical coding.
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PMID:Neurofilament protein triplet immunoreactivity in the dorsal root ganglia of the guinea-pig. 171 54

The serous lingual glands of von Ebner secrete lingual lipase, an enzyme that begins fat digestion in the stomach. The objective of this study was to characterize the neuromodulators in the rat tongue and von Ebner glands using immunocytochemical techniques. Rat lingual tissues were fixed in formalin, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 4 microns for light microscopic studies. Immunocytochemical localization of neuromodulators was performed with monospecific anti-rat neuromodulator IgG or control (preimmune) IgG as the primary antibody, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase (PAP) technique. No staining was seen with control anti-rat IgG. Immunospecific staining for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), tyrosine hydroxylase and choline acetyltransferase (CHAT) was observed in nerves in the tongue, and cells containing immunospecific staining for serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) were seen in the stroma between the lingual glands. Selected cells in the serous glands stained positively for the presence of substance P and somatostatin. Adrenergic, VIP-containing and cholinergic nerves appear to innervate the tongue and serous glands. Substance P and somatostatin were identified in cells of the lingual serous glands and may be additional local modulators regulating lingual lipase release.
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PMID:Neuromodulators of the lingual von Ebner gland: an immunocytochemical study. 171 11


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